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Biology Exam 3 > cellular respiration > Flashcards

cellular respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

overall summary/goal of cellular respiration

A

all electrons on membrane are electrically charged
hydrogen ions are now attracted which pulls ions across membrane

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2
Q

ATP synthaze function

A

synthesizes ATP in the trans membrane proteins

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3
Q

how is free energy able to synthesize ATP

A

hydrogen ion gradient

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4
Q

what are humans

A

batteries!

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5
Q

why do we eat food

A

for the electrons and hydrogen ions
used to make ATP with hydrogen ion gradient

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6
Q

how cells make ATP from food

A

using electrons
oxidizing organic molecules from food

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7
Q

what kind of reactions is cellular respiration made up of

A

redox reactions

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8
Q

the loss of electrons is called

A

oxidation

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9
Q

the gain of electrons is called

A

reduction

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10
Q

what is true about oxidation and reductions reactions

A

they always happen hand-in-hand

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11
Q

the electron donor is known as

A

the reducing agent

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12
Q

the electron acceptor is known as

A

the oxidation agent

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13
Q

what is oxygen inhaled turned into

A

water

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14
Q

what are good sources of food

A

organic molecules with an abundance of hydrogen

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15
Q

why aren’t we on fire

A

cellular respiration occurs in many small steps where energy is released a little bit at a time

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16
Q

where are electrons ripped from organic molecules stored

A

in NAD

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17
Q

examples of NAD+

A

adenine, dinucleotide, nicotinamide

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18
Q

NADH function

A

carries electrons to the electron transport chain creating H+ gradient, creating ATP

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19
Q

Stages of CR

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

what stage of cr produces the most energy

A

oxidative phosphorylation

21
Q

function of glycolysis and citric acid cycle

A

to capture electrons from food

22
Q

when does substrate level phosphorylation occur

A

when an enzyme transfers a phosphate

23
Q

purpose of glycolysis

A

to turn glucose into Acetyl CoA, which transforms glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carboxylic acid)

24
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytoplasm

25
Q

2 major phases of glycolysis

A

energy investment phase and energy payoff phase

26
Q

investment phase

A

2 atp are used to split glucose into 2, 3 carbon sugars

27
Q

payoff phase

A

4 atp are synthesized
2 NAD+ are reduced into NADH
small sugars are oxidized to form 2 pyruvate and 2 H2O

28
Q

how many ATP does substrate level phosphorylation produce during glycolysis

A

2 ATP

29
Q

when can glycolysis occur

A

whether O2 is present or not, and it does not release any CO2

30
Q

pyruvate oxidation process

A

3 carbon pyruvate enters mitochondria
one carbon is removed, producing CO2

31
Q

what is the remaining 2C (ACETYL) molecule used for

A

it combines with CoA, which is necessary for the citric acid cycle
some energy is captured as NADH

32
Q

Limitation of the citric acid cycle

A

can only process carboxylic acids (chops off CO2)

33
Q

acetyl CoA feeds into citric acid cycle, which

A

generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH PER CYCLE
liberates 2 CO2 molecules as waste products

34
Q

how many cycles per glucose molecule

A

2 turns

35
Q

what is the forst molecule in the citric acid cycle

A

citrate

36
Q

2 main stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain, chemeosmosis

37
Q

electron transport chain

A

4 major complexes using electrons originating from NADH and FADH2

38
Q

differences in NADH and FADH2

A

NADH enters sooner (complex one)
FADH2 enters into complex 2, which doesn’t pump protons, so it transports fewer H+ protons per electrons

39
Q

how many H+ ions are transported per NADH

A

10+

40
Q

oxygen’s role in electro transport chain

A

it is the terminal acceptor and binds with hydrogen to form H2O
keeps process going and prevents backups

41
Q

chemiosmosis

A

high concentration in intermembrane causes pressure for protons to flow back into matrix
protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthaze

42
Q

pyruvates role when breathing stops

A

free’s NADH (lactic acid)

43
Q

NAD+ will not work without what process

A

breathing

44
Q

ATP synthaze process

A

H+ moves into binding sites on the rotor of ATP synthaze, causing it to spin in a way that catalyzes phosphorylation of ADP into ATP

45
Q

1 ATP =

A

4 protons

45
Q

10 protons/NADH=

A

5 protons/electron

46
Q

2.5 ATP/NADH=

A

1.25 ATP/electron

Biology Exam 3 (4 decks)

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