cellular respiration Flashcards
overall summary/goal of cellular respiration
all electrons on membrane are electrically charged
hydrogen ions are now attracted which pulls ions across membrane
ATP synthaze function
synthesizes ATP in the trans membrane proteins
how is free energy able to synthesize ATP
hydrogen ion gradient
what are humans
batteries!
why do we eat food
for the electrons and hydrogen ions
used to make ATP with hydrogen ion gradient
how cells make ATP from food
using electrons
oxidizing organic molecules from food
what kind of reactions is cellular respiration made up of
redox reactions
the loss of electrons is called
oxidation
the gain of electrons is called
reduction
what is true about oxidation and reductions reactions
they always happen hand-in-hand
the electron donor is known as
the reducing agent
the electron acceptor is known as
the oxidation agent
what is oxygen inhaled turned into
water
what are good sources of food
organic molecules with an abundance of hydrogen
why aren’t we on fire
cellular respiration occurs in many small steps where energy is released a little bit at a time
where are electrons ripped from organic molecules stored
in NAD
examples of NAD+
adenine, dinucleotide, nicotinamide
NADH function
carries electrons to the electron transport chain creating H+ gradient, creating ATP
Stages of CR
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
what stage of cr produces the most energy
oxidative phosphorylation
function of glycolysis and citric acid cycle
to capture electrons from food
when does substrate level phosphorylation occur
when an enzyme transfers a phosphate
purpose of glycolysis
to turn glucose into Acetyl CoA, which transforms glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carboxylic acid)
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm
2 major phases of glycolysis
energy investment phase and energy payoff phase
investment phase
2 atp are used to split glucose into 2, 3 carbon sugars
payoff phase
4 atp are synthesized
2 NAD+ are reduced into NADH
small sugars are oxidized to form 2 pyruvate and 2 H2O
how many ATP does substrate level phosphorylation produce during glycolysis
2 ATP
when can glycolysis occur
whether O2 is present or not, and it does not release any CO2
pyruvate oxidation process
3 carbon pyruvate enters mitochondria
one carbon is removed, producing CO2
what is the remaining 2C (ACETYL) molecule used for
it combines with CoA, which is necessary for the citric acid cycle
some energy is captured as NADH
Limitation of the citric acid cycle
can only process carboxylic acids (chops off CO2)
acetyl CoA feeds into citric acid cycle, which
generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH PER CYCLE
liberates 2 CO2 molecules as waste products
how many cycles per glucose molecule
2 turns
what is the forst molecule in the citric acid cycle
citrate
2 main stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation
electron transport chain, chemeosmosis
electron transport chain
4 major complexes using electrons originating from NADH and FADH2
differences in NADH and FADH2
NADH enters sooner (complex one)
FADH2 enters into complex 2, which doesn’t pump protons, so it transports fewer H+ protons per electrons
how many H+ ions are transported per NADH
10+
oxygen’s role in electro transport chain
it is the terminal acceptor and binds with hydrogen to form H2O
keeps process going and prevents backups
chemiosmosis
high concentration in intermembrane causes pressure for protons to flow back into matrix
protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthaze
pyruvates role when breathing stops
free’s NADH (lactic acid)
NAD+ will not work without what process
breathing
ATP synthaze process
H+ moves into binding sites on the rotor of ATP synthaze, causing it to spin in a way that catalyzes phosphorylation of ADP into ATP
1 ATP =
4 protons
10 protons/NADH=
5 protons/electron
2.5 ATP/NADH=
1.25 ATP/electron
