bio test 3 Flashcards
What features do birds share with nonavian dinosaurs?
Hollow bones, three-toed limbs, a wishbone, and presence of feathers
These features indicate a close evolutionary relationship between birds and nonavian dinosaurs.
What are the key features of Archeopteryx?
Bird and reptilian features: feathers, wings, three-fingered claw, teeth, bony tail
Archeopteryx is a significant fossil that showcases the transition between nonavian dinosaurs and birds.
What is the significance of the Late Jurassic Epoch for bird evolution?
The ancestor to all birds evolved during this period, specifically 161-143 MYA
This timeframe marks a critical point in the evolutionary history of birds.
What is the origin time frame of ancient dinosaur ancestors?
Triassic period, approximately 243-233 MYA
This period is crucial for understanding the evolution of dinosaurs leading to birds.
Define parsimony in the context of evolutionary biology.
The least number of character state changes
This principle suggests that simpler explanations with fewer changes are preferred in constructing evolutionary trees.
What does the phrase ‘TREES: WALK BACKWARDS’ refer to?
The method of reconstructing evolutionary history by tracing back lineages
This approach helps in understanding the ancestral relationships among species.
What are episodic changes in evolution?
Punctuated equilibrium and natural selection
These concepts explain how species evolve in bursts of rapid change followed by periods of stability.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Major changes occurring over short timeframes
This theory contrasts with gradualism, suggesting that evolution can happen in rapid bursts.
What is the definition of outgroup in phylogenetics?
A group used to determine the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup
Outgroups help in rooting the evolutionary tree and clarifying character states.
What reproductive strategy is most common among certain species?
Polygynous due to limited eggs and readily available sperm
This strategy involves one male mating with multiple females, often due to limited eggs and readily available sperm.
Fill in the blank: The ancestor to all birds evolved during the _______ Epoch.
Late Jurassic
This period is crucial for understanding the evolution of modern birds.
evolution must be
genetic
systematics
relatedness of groups to one another (last common ancestor) (takes time and mechanisms of change into account)
whole genome duplication
ONLY PLANTS: double amount of chromosomes (40%) of ferns
most major branch divergencies is a result of
punctuated equilibrium
difference between 1x and 2x ferns
they are different, cannot mate with each other
partial genome duplication
only a portion of genome is duplicated
duplicated chromosomes overtime
will mutate and diverge the phenotypes
dynamic nature of DNA
will mutate overtime (mutations are inevitable)
