Feminism Flashcards
Radical
Radical feminism
Women’s disadvantage in the labour market stems from the exploitation of women by men and it has little to do with capitalism. Patriarchy is the main cause of female disadvantage. They claim one way that men do this is through sexual harassment.
Radical
Stanko
Sexual harassment in the workplace is used to keep women in their place. Men use their power in the workplace to protect their position. Women in jobs such as bar work and secretarial work are sexualised and are not taken as seriously as male workers or considered for promotion.
Adkins
Carried out research into the gendered division of labour at an amusement park. She found evidence of horizontal segregation with male and female employees being given different types of roles within the theme park. For example, catering assistants were almost exclusively female and ride operators were male. She found that female staff were subject to continuous sexual harassment from male staff and customers but they were just expected to put up with this as part of the job.
Radical
Millett
Men originally acquired power over women because of biological factors (women who were frequently pregnant can not make the same contribution to society) but modern technology has provided developments such as the contraceptive pill and modern machinery that have meant that men can no longer legitimate their power.
Radical
Johnson
Explains violence that is a result of patriarchal traditions of men’s right to control ‘their’ women. A form of terroristic control of wives by their husbands that involves the use of violence, economic subordination, threats and isolation. World Health Organisation (2013) the incidence of women who had experienced physical of sexual abuse from an intimate partner in their lifetime was 30% globally and 25% in Europe.
Liberal
Liberal Feminism
Associated with campaigns for equal rights. Want reforms to improve women’s position, rather than a revolution. Aim for gradual change in the political, economic and social systems. The creation of equal opportunities, particularly in education and work is their aim. (Education Reform Act 1988). Pursued through the introduction of legislation and attempting to change attitude:
The Sex Discrimination Act (1975)
The Equal Pay Act (1970)
Oakley
Children are socialised into expectations surrounding their gender. Oakley identifies 4 process central to the construction of gender identity. (Manipulation, Canalisation, Different activities, Verbal appellations) - Women’s lower status position in the labour market arises because of socialisation into the housewife/mother role. Ideas about maternal deprivation and maternal instinct ensure men’s dominance in the labour market. Women work part time because their responsibilities as wives and mothers come first.
Despite the Equal Pay Gap, men’s and women’s earnings are still not equal.
Women = less likely to ask for pay rise.
They don’t have as much experience as men due to taking time out to have children.
Not seen as serious workers due to working part-time.
Men favour men (male managers and senior workers).
Pay gap gets bigger in your 30s due to having children
‘Motherhood penalty’.
Black
Black feminism
Developed out of dissatisfaction with other types of feminism. Argue that white feminists fail to acknowledge the experiences of black women and the fact that being female AND black may make them doubly disadvantaged.
Black
Yuval - Davies
Other feminist approaches are ethnocentric
Black
Abbott et al
Other feminist approaches concentrate on ‘women’s experience derived from white perspectives and priorities’.
Black
Brewer
‘A triple systems theory’ - Class, race and gender combine to create multiple sources of deprivation for inequality. Black women suffer from disadvantage:
because they are black,
because they are women and
because they are working class.
Each of these inequalities reinforces and multiplies the other inequalities. Black feminism studies the interplay of these three inequalities in shaping the lives and restricting the life chances of black women.
Black
Connell
Explains that Black Feminism is needed as Western ‘mainstream’ Feminism does not explain / fight against inequalities faced by ethnic minority women on a more global scale (she takes a Post-Colonial Feminist stance)
Post
Walby
There were three systems stratifying women experience: capitalism, patriarchy and racism.
These elements of stratification overlap to shape life chances.
The Six Structures of Patriarchy - There has been a move from private patriarchy to public patriarchy. Which operates in six structures.
- Paid employment
- Household production
- Culture e.g media
- Heterosexuality
- Violence
- State
post
Hakim
Women now have more choice and inequality stems from personal preferences and choice.
Women have better labour market opportunities than ever before due to:
The contraceptive revolution
Equal opportunities revolution
The expansion of white collar occupations
The expansion of jobs for secondary earners
This has led to more choices for women.
‘Preference Theory’
‘Rational Choice Theory’
