Evidence of Inequality - Ethnicity Flashcards
Workplace
Barron and Norris
uggests that the ‘ethnic majority’ E.g. White British as found in the Primary Labour Market (characterised by high pay, high status, good fringe benefits such as private pensions and healthcare), whereas ethnic minorities are found in the Secondary Labour Market (characterised by low pay, low status, lack of fringe benefits, poor working conditions).
Workplace
Wood et al
Did a field experiment to examine job applications - they found that people with names associated with an ethnic minority background would have to make 16 applications before they got a positive response, compared with 9 applications for ‘white-sounding’ applicants.
Workplace
The F Word Website (2019)
Grenfell Tower has become a symbol of systemic, institutional and structural ethnic inequality. It represents the ignored, the marginalised, the vilified, the misrepresented, the misunderstood and those who are too often the victims of discrimination and prejudice - This links to lower incomes.
education
Gillborn
Argues that black Afro-Caribbean boys face institutional racism at school and that they are put into lower sets and entered for lower tier exams limiting their chances of success (maximum grade they could get in lower tier GCSE was a D at the time Gillborn researched this) – This can again narrows their future opportunities.
education
Jasper
- Argues that black Afro-Caribbean boys are negatively treated by teachers in schools and are negatively stereotyped as ‘non-achievers’ – This can then lead them into trouble meaning they do not achieve in education.
education
Mirza
Studied black Afro-Caribbean girls and found that they faced institutional racism and negative labelling from teachers. Although they did resist this and achieve in education they still faced these negative attitudes and potentially do not achieve as well as they could due to lack of support from teachers.
Media
Van Dijk
Used content analysis to study representations of ethnic groups in the UK over a 10 year period and found that the media stereotype black people in 5 ways. These were criminal, abnormal, a threat, unimportant and dependant. This including presenting cultural practises as abnormal and using blanket terminology such as ‘asian culture’.
Media
Hall
Basic representations of ethnic minorities within the media – Black people are stereotyped as “natives, entertainers and slaves”. Ethnicity is viewed through the ‘white eye’ meaning BME characters are presented in the way that white people view them (e.g. White directors do not know what life is like for ethnic minorities).
Media
Moghissi
‘Muslim terrorists or Suicide bomber’ – Muslims are ‘huddled together’ in the media, ignoring huge range of differences between Muslims in class, beliefs and culture. 9/11 and 7/7 may have created a moral panic about Islam and coverage of Muslims has been negative.
Crime
The Macpherson Report
- The Macpherson Report, published on 24 February 1999, found that the police investigation into Stephen Lawrence’s murder was compromised due to a lack of professional incompetence and institutional racism within the police force. Macpherson made 70 recommendations aimed at the elimination of racist prejudice and disadvantage within policing.
Crime
he Lammy Report
Over 40% of young people in custody are from BAME backgrounds. BAME men and women make up 25% of prisoners. The number of BAME young people reoffending increased from 11% in 2006 to 19% in 2016. The number of BAME prisoners also increased from 25% in 2006 to 41% in 2016.
Crime
Hood
Black men were more likely than white men to receive custodial sentences for offences which have fines or community services as punishments. This shows evidence of ‘institutional racism’ in the police force.
Health
Public Health England (Gov.uk)
t is clear from discussions with stakeholders that COVID-19 in their view did not create health inequalities, but rather the pandemic exposed and exacerbated long standing inequalities affecting BAME groups in the UK. Individuals from BAME groups are more likely to work in occupations with a higher risk of COVID-19 exposure. They are more likely to use public transportation to travel to their essential work. Historic racism and poorer experiences of healthcare or at work may mean that individuals in BAME groups are less likely to seek care when needed or as NHS staff are less likely to speak up when they have concerns about Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) or risk.
Health
ONS England 2020
Black men and women were 4 times more likely to die from COVID-19 than white men and women
Health
Joseph Rowntree Foundation
70% of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women aged 65 or older reported having a limiting long-term illness.
