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CC 2 LEC > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

________
• The female gonads or sex glands

• They develop and expel an _____each month

• A woman is born with approximately ______immature eggs called follicles

• In a lifetime: about _______fully matured eggs for fertilization

A

Ovaries

ovum/egg cell

2-4 million

400 to 500

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2
Q

Ovaries
• The follicles in the ovaries produce the female sex hormones,(2)

• Maturation of follicles is blocked until______(oocyte maturation inhibiting factor)

• These hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg

A

progesterone and estrogen

puberty

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3
Q

Oogenesis / Ovulation / Ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase
Ovulation phase
Luteal Phase

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4
Q

Monthly Ovarian Cycle

W/ corresponding days

A

• FOLLICULAR PHASE (Day 1-14)
• Ovulation (Day 14-15)
• Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)

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5
Q

Monthly Ovarian Cycle

• FOLLICULAR PHASE (Day 1-14)

• Birth of female child:______ (ovum + granulosa cells)

•_______ provide nourishment for ovum and secrete oocyte maturation inhibiting factor

A

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

Granulosa cells

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6
Q

•______: increased FSH and LH (follicular development and release of estrogen)

• Moderate enlargement of ovum + additional layer of granulosa cells
(_______)

• Growth of_______ primary follicles each month

A

Puberty

PRIMARY FOLLICLE

6-12

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7
Q

What phase???

• Puberty: increased FSH and LH (follicular development and release of estrogen)

• Moderate enlargement of ovum + additional layer of granulosa cells
(PRIMARY FOLLICLE)

• Growth of 6-12 primary follicles each month

A

Follicular

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8
Q

What phase???

• SECONDARY FOLLICLE

• Mass of______ and formation of______

• Production of follicular fluid packets from granulosa cells

A

Follicular phase

granulosa cells; theca cells

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9
Q

• Mass of granulosa cells and formation of theca cells

• Production of follicular fluid packets from granulosa cells

A

SECONDARY FOLLICLE

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10
Q

What phase???

• TERTIARY OR GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

• Follicular fluid packets coalesce to form______, a fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

• Formation of______(granulosa cells directly wrapping the oocyte)

A

antrum

corona radiata

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11
Q

• Follicular fluid packets coalesce to form antrum, a fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

• Formation of corona radiata (granulosa cells directly wrapping the oocyte)

A

TERTIARY OR GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

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12
Q

• Note: Only 1 follicle will undergo ovulation, the rest will undergo_____.

A

atresia

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13
Q

Ovulation (Day 14-15)

• NOTE: WITHOUT_____ SURGE, OVULATION WILL NOT TAKE PLACE

• From the positive feedback of estrogen to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

LH

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14
Q

• NOTE: WITHOUT LH SURGE, OVULATION WILL NOT TAKE PLACE

• From the positive feedback of estrogen to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

Ovulation (Day 14-15)

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15
Q

• Plasma transudation into the follicle leading to swelling and follicle rupture and release of ovum

• Swelling of the outer wall of the follicle, rupture, and the viscous fluid carries the ovum surrounded by corona radiata

A

Ovulation

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16
Q

Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)

• The remaining cells enlarge and filled with lipid inclusions (luteinization) and become the_______ that produces (2)

• If fertilization occurs, the developing embryo will secrete_____ and the CL will continue to produce______

• If no fertilization occurs, the CL will degenerate into_______ and won’t continue producing______

A

CORPUS LUTEUM; progesterone and estrogen

HCG; progesterone

CORPUS ALBICANS; progesterone

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17
Q

Uterine Wall
• Composed of three layers

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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18
Q

•
• outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum
•
• middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscle
•
• mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

A

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

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19
Q

Two zones of endometrium

A

• Functional zone

• Basal zone

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20
Q
  • layer closest to the cavity
  • thicker portion
  • undergoes changes with monthly cycle
  • contains spiral arteries
A

Endometrium
Functional zone

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21
Q
  • layer adjacent to myometrium
  • attaches functional layer to myometrium
  • remains constant
A

Endometrium

• Basal zone

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22
Q

Days 1-5

A

Menses/Menstruation Phase

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23
Q

• Initiated by a lack of signal from a fertilized egg
• Vasospasm of the spiral blood vessels in SF (dependent on progesterone)
• Weakening and rupture of the blood vessels leading to ischemia and necrosis
• Decreased nutrients to endometrium
• Loss of hormonal stimulation
• Necrosis and desquamation of endometrial layers

A

Menses/Menstruation Phase

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24
Q

Day 6-14

A

• Proliferative phase (stimulated by estrogen)

25
Q

• Proliferative phase (stimulated by_____)

A

estrogen

26
Q

• Regeneration of stratum functionalis and the blood vessels
• Re-epithelialization within 4-7 days after menses
• Thickening of endometrium and increased blood supply
• Endometrial glands secrete mucus that align along the cervical canal to guide sperm cells

A

Proliferative phase (stimulated by estrogen)

27
Q

Day 15-28

A

Secretory phase (estrogen and progesterone)

28
Q

Secretory phase (hormones???)

A

estrogen and progesterone

29
Q

• Increased secretory substances
• Increased lipid and glycogen deposits
• Increased blood supply

• Goal: presence of large amounts of stored nutrients in case of implantation of fertilized ovum

A

Day 15-28
• Secretory phase (estrogen and progesterone)

30
Q

Fertilization
• If the egg is fertilized, the embryo produces_______

• HCG signals the_____ to continue supplying_____ to maintain the uterine lining

• The cervical mucus thickens to protect the developing embryo

• Continuous levels of progesterone prevent the release of____ and ovulation ceases

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

corpus luteum; progesterone

FSH

31
Q

• Carbon-18 compounds

A

Estrogen

32
Q

• Principal estrogen -

• Primary metabolites
_________ (___; menopause) and
_________(____; pregnancy)

A

ESTRADIOL (E2)

Estrone; E1

estriol

E3

33
Q

Promote breast, uterine and vaginal development

• Change vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified for more resistance to trauma and infection

A

Estrogen

34
Q

• Affects vascular smooth muscle - VASODILATION
• Estriol during pregnancy - uteroplacental blood flow

A

Estrogen

35
Q

• Inhibits osteoclastic activity

A

Estrogen

36
Q

• Surge in estrogen level induces the release of______, which then triggers______ by releasing the egg from the Graafian follicle in the ovary

A

luteinizing hormone

ovulation

37
Q

• Cardioprotective Properties
• Increase HDL level
• Decrease LDL
• Decreased platelet adhesion

A

Estrogen

38
Q

• Fluid balance
• Salt (sodium) and water retention

A

Estrogen

39
Q

• Carbon 21 compound

A

Progesterone

40
Q

• Produced by the corpus luteum
• Secretory phase

A

Prgesterone

41
Q

• Reduction of uterine contractions
• Increased cervical mucus (allows sperm to survive)
• Reconstruction and maintenance of endometrium

A

Progesterone

42
Q

• Thermogenic effects

A

Progesterone

43
Q

Pregnancy
• characterized by steadily increasing levels of (2), which maintain the endometrium for the fetus, suppress ovarian follicular function, and stimulate development of the breasts

A

estrogen and progesterone

44
Q

Fertilization
• If fertilization occurs, the_____ is rescued from regression by______, which is produced by the_____.

A

corpus luteum

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

placenta

45
Q

• First trimester

• The corpus luteum (stimulated by HCG) is responsible for the production of (2).

Peak levels of HCG occur at gestational week__ and then decline.

A

estradiol and progesterone

9

46
Q

Pregnancy
• Second and third trimesters

• Progesterone is produced by the_____.

• Estrogens are produced by the interplay of the fetal adrenal gland and the placenta.

The _______synthesizes dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), which is then hydroxylated in the fetal liver.

These intermediates are transterred to the placenta, where enzymes remove sulfate and aromatize to estrogens.

The major placental estrogen is_____.

A

placenta

fetal adrenal gland

estriol

47
Q

Menstruation
•_______ - absence of menses in a woman of reproductive age
•_______ - infrequent or irregular menstrual bleeding with cycle lengths in excess of 35-40 days
•_______ - uterine bleeding in excess of 80 ml per period

A

Amenorrhea

Oligomenorrhea

Menorrhagia

48
Q

Hypothalamic or pituitary disorder

• Low FSH/LH, low estrogen/progesterone
• Hypopituitarism, prolactinoma, anorexia, strenuous exercise

Ovarian disorder
• Decreased estrogen/progesterone, high FSH/LH
• Surgical removal of ovaries

End-organ defect
• Normal FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone
• Prevents the normal egress of blood in menses

A

Amenorrhea

49
Q

• Permanent cessation of menses for 12 months without pathologic cause
• Average age: 51 years old (earlier in smokers and nulliparous women)

A

Menopause

50
Q

• Lab findings
• Increased serum FSH: best marker
• Increased serum LH, low estrogen and progesterone

A

Menopause

51
Q

• Painful menses with crampy, midline pain (lower abdomen)
• Occurs in approximately 50% of women (10% of women are incapacitated for 1 to 3 days)
• Caused by increased prostaglandin F 2a (PGF 2a)

A

Dysmenorrhea

52
Q

Dysmenorrhea

Caused by increased______
• causes uterine contractions leading to increased uterine pressure which develops into uterine ischemia: the net effect is pain caused by the accumulation of anaerobic metabolites

A

prostaglandin F 2a (PGF 2a)

53
Q

• Presence of incompletely developed ovarian follicles in ovaries caused by anovulation and increased androgens

• Increased secretion of LH (LH:FSH ratio is > 3)
• Hyperplasia of theca cells
• Increased production of testosterone and androstenedione

• Pituitary secretion of FSH is decreased
• Low granulosa cell aromatization of androgens to estrogens
• Follicular arrest

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

54
Q

• weight loss: ANOREXIA NERVOSA
• disruption of normal GnRH secretion

• intense physical exercise: RUNNER’S
AMENORRHEA
• low energy availability

• pituitary tumor
• prolactinoma

A

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

55
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

A

• weight loss: ANOREXIA NERVOSA
• disruption of normal GnRH secretion

• intense physical exercise: RUNNER’S
AMENORRHEA
• low energy availability

• pituitary tumor
• prolactinoma

56
Q

• Menopause: 45-55 years old

• Premature ovarian failure/Turner syndrome
• normal ovarian development
• egg cells die prematurely
• occurs when your ovaries which store and release eggs stop working before age 40

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

57
Q

• normal ovarian development
• egg cells die prematurely
• occurs when your ovaries which store and release eggs stop working before age 40

A

Premature ovarian failure/Turner syndrome

Hypergonadotropic
Hypogonadism

58
Q

• Menopause: 45-55 years old

A

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

59
Q

• irregular periods, increased androgen, polycystic ovaries (underdeveloped follicles, unable to release egg)

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

CC 2 LEC (13 decks)

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