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CC 2 LEC > Endocrinology: Hormones and Target Cells > Flashcards

Endocrinology: Hormones and Target Cells Flashcards

1
Q

• the study of hormones, the endocrine system, and their physiological role in the body

A

Endocrinology

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2
Q

Endocrine Gland
• secretes its products into the _____ and _____

A

interstitial fluid and the blood

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3
Q

• a chemical messenger released from living cells that travels through the blood to target cells and induces a biological effect or response

A

Hormone

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4
Q

• cells with receptors to specific hormones

A

Target Cells

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5
Q

• only cells with specific_____ will react with a specific hormone

A

receptor

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6
Q

Hormone Receptors
• In or on the surface of the cell membrane: _________
• In the cell cytoplasm:________
• In the cell nucleus:_______

A

peptide and catecholamine hormones

steroid hormones

thyroid hormones

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7
Q

• may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood in the absence of ducts

A

Glands

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8
Q

Glands

two major types

A

• endocrine glands
• exocrine glands

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9
Q

Exocrine Glands
• glands with_____

A

ducts

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10
Q

• products pass out of the cell and away from the gland by means of ducts into a luminal area

A

Exocrine glands

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11
Q

Exocrine Glands
example:
•______, as an exocrine gland, secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsinogen

A

pancreas

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12
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

Sweat
Salivary
Pancreatic

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13
Q

• products are released from the cell, passed directly into the circulation, and are carried by the blood to body tissues and eventually target cells

A

Endocrine Glands

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14
Q

Manners of Secretion

A

• Autocrine
• Paracrine
• Juxtacrine
• Intracrine
• Ectocrine
• Endocrine

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15
Q

• Example: insulin-like growth factor-| (IGF-I)

A

Autocrine

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16
Q

• interaction between secreted chemical messenger with a receptor on the same type of cell that synthesized it

A

Autocrine

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17
Q

• Example: somatostatin secretion inhibits insulin secretion

A

Paracrine

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18
Q

• interaction of a secreted chemical messenger with receptors on adjacent cells on the same tissue

A

Paracrine

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19
Q

• Example: cell adhesion proteins (laminin)

A

Juxtacrine

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20
Q

• expressed on surface of effector cell and interacts with target cell via direct cell-cell contact

A

Juxtacrine

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21
Q

• secretes own hormone that acts inside the same cell, regulating intracellular events

A

Intracrine

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22
Q

• one organism releases a substance (pheromone) that causes a response in another organism

A

Ectocrine

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23
Q

• a chemical messenger produced by a ductless gland or tissue and carried in the blood to a target organ where it effects a change in cellular activity

A

Endocrine

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24
Q

Principal Functions of the Endocrine System (3)

A

• maintenance of the internal environment in the body (homeostasis)

• integration and regulation of growth and development

• control, maintenance, and instigation of sexual reproduction

25
Q

Types of Hormones

A

• Peptide
• Steroids
• Amines

26
Q

Peptide Hormones
• May contain_______ amino acids
(TRH: ___; GH: ___)

A

3 to 200

3; 200

27
Q

Peptide hormones
• Secretion:_______

A

exocytosis

28
Q

• Water soluble; no need for transport proteins

A

Peptide hormone

29
Q

Peptide hormone

• Synthesized in_____; stored in_____

A

ribosomes

vesicles

30
Q

• fast acting, short half-life

A

Peptide hormone

31
Q

Steroid Hormones
• Derived from_______ which are rapidly mobilized
• found in____
• through_______

A

cholesterol

Plasma

De novo synthesis

32
Q

• Hydrophobic/lipophilic; require specific transport proteins as carriers

A

Steroid hormones

33
Q

Steroid hormones

• Secretion:

A

diffusion across cell membrane

34
Q

• slow-acting; longer half-life

A

Steroid hormones

35
Q

• derivatives of single amino acid residues, either from tyrosine or tryptophan

A

Amine Hormones

36
Q

• can behave either like peptides or steroids

A

Amine hormone

37
Q

•________ (behave like peptides; cell surface receptors)

• ________ (behave like steroids; nuclear receptors)

A

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

38
Q

Amine Hormones

• behave like protein hormones because they circulate unbound to protein, have a short half-life, and have a similar mechanism of action

A

catecholamines

39
Q

Amine Hormones

• have a long half-life, circulate bound to a carrier protein, and have a mechanism of action similar to steroids

A

thyroid hormones

40
Q

Key Concepts to Remember
• All hormones interact with ______by first binding to_____ located either on the plasma membrane or as a cytosolic protein

• The receptor for hormones must be linked to a component that is able to respond to the binding of hormone with its receptor

A

target cells; specific receptors

41
Q

Control of Hormone Release

A

Substrate control
Nervous control
Tropic hormones

42
Q

Control of Hormone Release
• Substrate control
• Example:

A

glucose and insulin

43
Q

• Nervous control
• Example:

A

adrenal medulla hormones

44
Q

• Tropic hormones
• Example:

A

release of hormones by anterior pituitary to stimulate other glands (e.g., ACTH to adrenal cortex)

45
Q

: Direct response to substance levels in the blood (e.g., glucose controlling insulin).

: Hormone release driven by signals from the nervous system (e.g., adrenaline release in response to stress).

: Hormones that signal other glands to release their hormones (e.g., ACTH from the pituitary stimulating the adrenal cortex).

A

• Substrate Control

• Nervous Control

• Tropic Hormones

46
Q

Feedback Mechanisms

• the final hormone produced regulates its own secretion by inhibiting the secretion of one or more of the precursor hormones

A

Negative Feedback (Homeostatic)

47
Q

Feedback Mechanisms

• the final hormone produced actually enhances or induces the initial hormone and causes its own production to be increased

A

Positive Feedback (Non-Homeostatic)

48
Q

Positive feedback

• example:

A

estrogen and luteinizing hormone

49
Q

Disorders of the Endocrine System
The levels of disorders

A

Primary disorder

Secondary disorder

Tertiary disorder

50
Q

• Explanation: In a ____ disorder, the gland responsible for producing the hormone is malfunctioning, either overproducing (hyper-) or underproducing (hypo-) the hormone.

A

Primary Disorder:

51
Q

• Example: when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

A

Primary Disorder:

52
Q

• Definition: The problem originates in the gland that produces the hormone itself.

A

Primary Disorder:

53
Q

• Explanation: In _____ disorders, the issue lies in the pituitary gland or any other gland that controls the primary gland.

The primary gland doesn’t receive the correct signals to produce hormones.

A

Secondary Disorder:

54
Q

• Example: ______ when the pituitary gland fails to produce enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which signals the thyroid to produce its hormones. The thyroid itself might be healthy, but it isn’t stimulated properly.

A

Secondary Disorder:

55
Q

• Definition: The problem is with the gland that stimulates the primary gland to release hormones.

A

Secondary Disorder:

56
Q

• Explanation: _____ disorders are at the top of the chain and affect the hypothalamus, which regulates the pituitary gland. This leads to downstream effects on the primary gland.

A

Tertiary Disorder:

57
Q

• Example: when the hypothalamus doesn’t release enough thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which signals the pituitary gland to produce TSH. This leads to low TSH and, in turn, low thyroid hormone production.

A

Tertiary Disorder:

58
Q

• Definition: The problem originates even higher up in the regulatory chain, usually in the hypothalamus.

A

Tertiary Disorder:

CC 2 LEC (13 decks)

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