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Female Reproductive Sys Flashcards

1
Q

Hormonal Control

A

pulsatile release of GnRH to start puberty

All follicles in ovarian cortex prior to that are primordial follicles

Relase of LH & FSH from basophils of ant pituitary

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2
Q

Hormonal Control

A
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3
Q

Ovary

A

Cortex- various ovarian follicle stages, corpus luteum & corpus albicans

Medulla- loose CT, BV, lymphatic vessels, n. fibers

Germinal epithelium- modified peritoneum, covers ovary from mesothelium & composed of simple cuboidal cells

Tunica albuginea- dense CT beneath germinal epithelium

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4
Q

Ovarian Cortex

A

Stroma w/ stromal cells & ovarian follicles

Primordial germ cells (oogonia) are from yolk sac endoderm & migrate to developing goand in 6th week.

Undergo mitosis until near end of 5th month- 5 to 7 mill oogonia

Only 1 mill oogonia will be surrounded by follicular cells & survive to time of birth.

Remaining oogonia atrophy

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5
Q

Cycle continued

A

Oogonia that survive enter prophase I & known as primary oocyte

Meiosis is arrested in diplotene stage of meiosis I by OMI produced by follicular cells.

Total of 450 ooocytes released over the entire reproductive years

All other follicles degen & die.

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6
Q

Different Stages of Follicle/Oocyte

A
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7
Q

FSH Indep

A

Primordial Follicles (non growing)

Primary/prenatral follicles (growing)

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8
Q

FSH dep

A

Secondary/antral follicles (growing)

Mature or Graafian follicles (preovulatory) (growing)

Ea follicle contains primary oocyte surrounded by 1 or multilayer follicular or granulosa cells

Secondary oocyte formed before ovulation when the oocyte completes first meiotic division

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9
Q

Primordial Follicle

A

Smallest & most numerous type of follicles in cortex of ovary.

Ea is composed of 1 layer of flat follicular cells around primary oocyte separated from stroma by basement mem

Primary oocyte arrested in prophase I - 1 nucleus, Golgi, RER, mitoch, lysosomes

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10
Q

Primary Follicles

A

Oocyte grows

  • unilaminar primary follicle- primary surrounded by simple cuboidal or columnar follicular cells single layer
  • multilaminar primary follicle- follicular cells prolif & stratify, & now are granulosa cells. Prolif of follicular cells is due to activin produced by primary oocyte
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11
Q

Multilaminar Primary Follicle

A
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12
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

during primary follicle stage, an amorphous substance appears, separating oocyte from follicular cells.

Contains ZP1, 2, 3 secreted by oocyte & form extracell coat of glycoprotein

ZP-3 is most important, acts as R for sperm binding & for inducing acrosomal rxn

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13
Q

Theca interna, theca externa, granulosa cells

A

Stromal cells around multilaminar primary follicle (theca folliculi) form inner theca interna (richly vascular layer) & outer theca externa (fibrous CT)

Theca interna cells: steroid producing cells, possess LH R on cell mem & influenced by LH.

Produce androstenedione (male sex hormone), which enters granulosa cells where converted to estradiol by aromatase.

Granulosa cells & theca interna are seprated by thickened basal lamina

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14
Q

Secondary/Antral Follicles

A

Characterized by accumulations of fluid known as liquor folliculi among granulosa cells

Prolif of granulosa cells depends on FSH, & possess FSH R.

FSH & estrogen induce granulosa cells to express LH R

Primary oocyte bigger but no further growth due to OMI!

Liquor folliculi- exudate of plasma, w/ GAGs, proteoglycans, steroid binding proteins & hormone (estradiol, inhibin, activin)

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15
Q

Follicle

A

most of follicles reach this stage undergo atresia

Some granulosa cells associate w/ atretic follicles form interstitial glands which secrete estrogen until menopause

Few secondary follicles continue to develop into mature follicles

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16
Q
A

Light pink= collapsed ZP

Dark pink= BV

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17
Q

Mature Graafian Follicle

A

Droplets of liquor folliculi coalesce to form single fluid filled chamber called antrum.

Granulosa cells rearrange & primary oocyte is surrounded by small group of granulosa cells called cumulus oophorus

Single layer of granulosa cells that immediately surrounds primary oocyte is called corona radiata

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18
Q

Cell structure

A

continued formation of liquor folliculi causes cumulus oophorus composed of primary oocyte, corona radiata & associated follicular cells to detach from its base & float freely w/in liquor folliculi.

Secondary oocyte is fomred shortly before ovulation when oocyte completes first meiotic division

19
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Formed from Graafian follicle that ovulated

Clot removed by phagocytes, high LH levels change structure

F as temporary endocrine gland & supports uterine endometirum

20
Q

Cell Model

A

Progesterone always exert - feedback

21
Q

Lutein Cells

A

Granulosa lutein- 80% of corpus luteum, pale staining steroid producing cells, produce mainly progesterone & estrogen

Theca lutein- 20% corups luteum, dark staining, secrete androgens & minor progestrone amts

22
Q

Fate of Corpus Luteum

A

If pregnancy occurs- hCG from placenta maintains corpus luteum for 3 months.

Now its corpus luteum of pregancne & secreted hormones.

Intro of PG could cause degen of corpus luteum & abortion of fetus.

Placenta eventually takes over progesterone production & corpus luteum degrades into corpus albicans w/o fetus loss

If no pregnancy- corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone & decays. Degen to corpus albicans.

23
Q

Atretic Follicles

A

Follicles that undergo degeneration

Of all follicles present in ovaries @ menarche, only 0.1-0.2% develop to maturity & undergo ovulation.

24
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

richly vascular fibroelastic CT

Hilar cells (like Leydig, secrete androgens)

25
Uterine Tubes
oviducts, fallopian tubues infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus & intramural portions Fertilization usually happens in ampulla & reconstittues diplodi number of chrom
26
Obiduct F
1. receive ovum from ovary 2. usual site of fertilization of ovum (ampulla) 3. provide nourishment for fertilized ovum 4. transports fertilized ovum to uterine cavity
27
Mucosa in Oviduct Walls
simple columnar epith & underlying lamina propria 1. ciliated- cilia beat towards uterus, causing viscous liquid film movement 2. non ciliated- Peg cells, viscous liquid in lumen of oviduct consists mainly products of secretory cells. Secretions proteict & supply nutrients to fertilized oocyte. Also promote capacitation.
28
Muscularis in oviduct
2 layer smooth m. (inner circ, outer long) Conractions of muscularis of oviduct together w/ movement of liquid film in its lumen tranport ooctye or conceptus towards uterus. Serosa \*\*fallopian tube is intraperitoneal \*\*
29
Body & fundus of uterus
outer layer: perimetrium fundus covered by seros & body surrounded by adventitia mid layer: myometrium forms bulk of uterine wall, bundles of smooth m. fibers separated by CT. Forms 3-4 poorly defined layers. Size & number of m. cells related to estrogen levels. During prog myometrium grows by both hypertrophy & hyperplasia. Diminish in menopause.
30
Body & fundus of uterus 2
inner layer: endometrium mucosal lining of uterus Normal implantation site Simple columnar epith (ciliated & secretory/ non PeG cells) b/t menarche & menopause Lamina propria presents which invests branched tubular glands that extend to myometrium. Structure of glands varies according to phase of menstrual cycle. 1. stratum basale- retained @ menstruation & responsible for regen of endometrium 2. stratum functionale- sloughed off @ menstruation
31
Menstrual Cycle
Day 1-4 menses, desquamation Day 5-14 proliferative/follicular- re epith of lining & renewal Day 15-28 secretory/luteal- thickening of endometrium as result of edema & accumulated glycogen secretions of highly coiled endometrial glands
32
Menstrual Cycle
33
Glands
34
Myometrium @ different stages
35
Pregnant Endometrium/Decidua
if implantation occurs, embryonic trophoblast cells produce hCG which stim corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone Progesterone makes uterine glands wider, more tortuous & able to contain more secretions than during secretory stages. Endometrium as whole becomes thicker duirng pregnancy.
36
Ectopic Pregnancy
Embryo implants in oviduct, whose lamina propria reacts like endometrium. Oviduct later bursts due to growing embryo, causing extensive hemorrhage which can be fatal if not treated immediately
37
Placenta Previa
embryo implants close to internal os. Placenta will be interposed b/t fetus & vagina. If condition recognized fetus delived C-section Zygote may enter abdominal cavity & implain in peritoneum
38
Cervix
lower 1/3 uterus No spiral a. & epith not slughted off! Endocervix= simple columnar, cervical glands external os= squamous columnar junction ectocervix= stratified sqamous non keratinized
39
Cervix
very watery secretion around ovulation to let sperm through. Stimulated by progesterone & estrogen. Any other time its thick mucus
40
Cervical Ectropion
cervix protrudes into vagina where pH is low & cells change to sqamous epithelia.
41
Vagina
Fibrom. tubue, acts in transport of sperm to uterus & in expulsion of nebworn mucosa: non keratinized stratified squamous epith, no glands, lamina propria muscularis: inner circular & outer longitudinal adventitia: dense CT, rich in elastic fibers
42
Vagina
Epith responds to hormonal changes Glycogen stored in epith cells, reaches max levels @ ovulation after which time glycogen rich superficial layer of eptih is shed Breakdown of glycogen by bac in vagina produces lactic acid, cause vaginal environment to have an acid pH of 3. This low pH inhibits growth of other bac & fungus. Also limits sperm survival
43
Mammary Glands
ea gland has 15-25 lobes of compound tubuloalveolar type Lobes separated by dense CT & adipose tissue. Ea lobe is really a gland in itself w/ its own excretory lactiferous duct Breast enlargement during puberty is result of accumulation of adipose tissue & Ct w/ increased growth & branching of lacteiferous ducts due to increase in estrogen True apocrine glands- sacrifice part of themselves!
44
Mammary Glands
stimulated by oxytocin when baby sucks on nipple Milk ejection reflex

Microanatomy (9 decks)

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