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Reproduction > Female Repro phys Lopez > Flashcards

Female Repro phys Lopez Flashcards

1
Q

primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte surrounded by squaous epithelium, beofre pubertry, inactive follicle

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2
Q

early primary follicle

A

single layer cuboidal follicular epithelium
ZP begins to form
no steroid hormones being made

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3
Q

late primary follicle

A

several layers of cuboidal follicular epithelial cells

ZP forms glycoprotein coat around oocyte

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4
Q

2ndary follicle

A 
stratum granulosum (stroma around follicle)
theca interna and externa (made from stroma)
  -start to make small amount of androstenodione (interna)
still preantral
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5
Q

2ndary follicle antral formation

A

antrum begins to form
fluid filled space (liquour folliculi)
rich in hyaluronic acid

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6
Q

mature follicle

A

antrum occupies much of space
oocyte displaced to one side
corona radiata or cumulus oophorus

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7
Q

theca cells have ___ receptors and make what

A

LH receptors and make androstenodiione from cholesterol, andro sent to granulosa cells

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8
Q

granulosa cells have ___ receptors and receive __ from theca cells and convert it to what via what enzyme

A

FSH and LH receptors, androstenadione and convert it to estradiol via aromatase

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9
Q

what effect does estradiol made in granulosa cells have

A

increases FSH sensitivity in granulosa cells which leads to more estradiol syn
-also inhibits FSH and LH, but sensitiation leads to more estrogen overall

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10
Q

The ovary is divided into 2 parts and what is significant about each

A

outer cortex where ovarian follicle resides within stroma
-highly mitogenic, >80% of ovarian cancer

inner medulla: neurovascular elements run into the medulla

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11
Q

how does the gorwing follicles restrain development of too many primordial follicles

A

by release of AMH

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12
Q

follicular cells in primary follicle stimulate oocyte growth how

A

follicle cells stimulate oocyte growth by releasing kit ligand which binds c-KIT on oocyte

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13
Q

when is the follicle known as a primary follicle

A

when cuboidal granulosa cells first appear

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14
Q

when is follicle known as 2ndary follicle

A

primary oocyte is surrounded by several layers of cuboidal granulosa cells
-once has 3-6 layers of granulosa cells, secretes paracrine factors to induce nearby stomral cells to become thecal cells

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15
Q

when is the follicle a mature preantral stage

A

once thecal layer forms

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16
Q

what are signs of the progression of 2ndary follicles

A
  • movement of follicle from outer cortex to inner cortex closer to vasculature of ovarian medula
  • follicles release angiogenic factors
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17
Q

in preantral follicles oocyte fails to ____ and begins what

A
  • fails to complete meiosis I bc of lack of specific meiosis-associated proteins
  • oocyte begins to grow and produce ZP1,2,3
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18
Q

endocrine function of growing preantral follicle: granulosa cells express ___ but are dependent on __

A

FSH receptors, dependent on factors from oocyte to grow

-no ovarian hormones at this stage

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19
Q

what is the major product of leydig cells and which enzyme to they have little amt of in growing preantral stage

A

androstenedione is major product, minimal at this point

-low levels of 17B HSD

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20
Q

growing antral follicles

A

mature preantral follicles develop into early antral follicles
-once granulosa epithelium increases to 6-7 layers, fluid filled spaces appear btwn cells and form antrum

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21
Q

during growing antral follicles phase swelling of the antral cavity divides granulosa into 2 pops

A

1) mural granulosa cells (stratum granulosum)

2) cumulus cells (cumulus oophorus or CR)

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22
Q

mural granulosa cells

A

form outer wall of follicle, close to outerlying thecal layers

  • become highly steroidogenic
  • remain in ovary after ovulation–>corpus luteum
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23
Q

cumulus cells

A
  • inner cells surrounding oocyte
  • during ovulation released from ovary with oocyte so fimbriae can gran and move oocyte along length of oviduct to site of fertilization
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24
Q

meiotic arrest of oocyte is achieved by what

A

elevated cAMP levels

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25
Q

thecal cells of large antral follicles produce what

A

-significant amounts of androstenedione and testosterone (much lesser extent)

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26
Q

FSH stimulates what in granulosa cells

A
  • proliferation of granulosa cells
  • induces expression of aromatase
  • expression of inhibin
  • expression of LH receptors in second half of follicular phase
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27
Q

mural grangulosa cells convert androgens to what and also produce increased amount of ____ during early follicular phase

A

androgens to estradiol 17B

-increase inhibin

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28
Q

low levels of ___ and increased amount of ___ exert a negative feedback on FSH secretion which selects the follicle with the most FSH-responsive cells

A

estrogen, increased inhibin

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29
Q

primary oocytes begin meiosis I during ___ and complete meiosis I just prior to then become __

A

fetal life
ovulation
secondary oocyte

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30
Q

secondary oocyte is arrested in

A

metaphase II until fertiliztion, if this does not occur within 1 day, secondary oocyte degenerates

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31
Q

Thecal cells: basal LH levels stimulate production of steroidogenic enzymes: (3)
and also ___ receptors in thecal cells

A

3B-HSD, CYP17 (17a hydroxylase), and CYP11A1 (desmolase) and LDL receptors in thecal cells

32
Q

aromatase converts androstenedione to ___ and

testosterone to ___

A

estrone

estradiol 17B

33
Q

significance of LH receptors on granulosa cells

A
  • now granulosa cells are responsive to both FSH and LH which allows high levels of aromatase even with decreased FSH levels
  • acquisition of LH receptors also ensures that mural granulosa cells will respond to LH surge
34
Q

what enzyme converts androstenedione to testosterone

A

17B -HSD

35
Q

what enzyme converts estrone to estradiol 17B

A

17B-HSD

36
Q

the remaining ___ and ___ become the corpus luteum

A

thecal cells and mural granulosa cells

37
Q

structural changes associated with LH surge, release of oocyte

  • before ovulation bulge
  • LH surge causes release of what =
  • __ cells detach from __ and oocyte freed
A

before ovulation follicle presses against wall of ovary to form bulge called stigma

  • LH surge induces release of inflammatory cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes from theca and granulosa cells = breakdown of follicle wall = antral cavity continuous with peritoneal cavity
  • cumulus cells detach from granulosa cells and oocyte freed
38
Q

once cumulus cells and oocyte release from granulosa cells the oocyte releases what

A

TGF-B and GDF9

  • GDF9 stimulates cumulus cels to secrete HA
  • cause expansion of oocyte complex so can be captured by oviduct and sperm can locate (sperm have hyaluronidase)
39
Q

LH surge and basal lamina of mural granulosa cells

A

it is enzymatically degraded and blood vessels poush into granulosa cells

  • granulosa cells also produce angiogenic factors to increase blood supply to new corpus luteum
  • VEGF, angiopoietin-2, bFGF
40
Q

during periovulatory period, LH surge induces shifts in steroidogenic activity of mural granulosa cells by

A

inhibits aromatase expression, less estrogen, less positive feedback on LH secretion

  • vasculariztion of granulosa cells to maker cholesterol available for steroid syn and increase LDL/HDL receptors
  • increases expression of proteins and enzymes to produce progesterone
41
Q

what enzyme converts pregnenolone to progesterone

A

3B-HSD

42
Q

corpus luteum formation

-granulosa cells —> ____

A

after ovulation, antral cavity fills with blood

-granulosa cells become granulosa lutein cells which enlarge and fil with cholesterol esters (fill in antral cavity)

43
Q

what rescues the corpus luteum from degradation after 14 days

A

HCG during pregnancy

44
Q

luteal hormonal output is dependent on basal LH levels

A

progest output correlated with pulsatile pattern of LH relase
-both FSH and LH reduce to basal levels during luteal phase by neg feedback from progest and estrogen

45
Q

granulosa lutein cells secrete ____ which further suppresses ___ secretion

A

inhibin A, suppresses FSH secretion

46
Q

during follicular atresia which cells persist

A

thecal cells persist and repopulate the cellular stroma of the ovary

  • retain LH receptors and ability to produce androgens
  • referred to as the interstitial gland of the ovary
47
Q

menarche

A

beginning of menstrual cycles

48
Q

thelarche

A

breast development

49
Q

adrenarche

A

increase in adrenal androgen secretion

50
Q

pathway of GnRH and FSH and LH release

A

Gq receptor

  • PLC leads to increase in intracellular calcium which activates calcium channels leading to sustained calcium inside cell
  • increased calcium triggers exocytosis of gonadropin too
  • PLC leads to DAG to PKC to gene txn
51
Q

inhibins are produced by ___ cells of the follicle and ___ specifically stimulates the cells to produce them
-what else causes production of inhibin

A
  • granulosa cells and FSH

- LH receptors acquired on gran cells just before ovulation bind LH and this stimulates inhbin production

52
Q

activins are produced in ___ but ___ FSH release from pituitary cells

A

produced in same tissues as inhibins, stimulate FSH release from pituitary cells

53
Q

progestins are only effective at negative feedback of hypothalamus and pituitary gland at __ concentrations

A

high

54
Q

high levels of estradiol and progesterone during late follicular phase produce what

A

postive feedback response and thus facilitate LH surge

55
Q

besides inhibiting AP the inhibins have ____ effect of _____

A

intraovarian effect of decreasing androgen production, which can have secondary effects on intrafollicular estrogen production

56
Q

activins stimulate 2 things

A

FSH release

stimulate syntehesis of estrogens

57
Q

where are estrogens in female humans derived

A

from ovary
adrenal gland
peripheral conversion in adipose tissue

58
Q

ovarian cells can synthesize their own __ de novo

A

cholesterol

59
Q

what can liver convert estradil and estrone into

A

weak estrogen estriol

60
Q

the higher levels of estrogen during follicular phase ___ basal body temp

A

lower

61
Q

higher levels of progesterone from CL after ovulation __ basal body temp

A

raise

62
Q

which cells proliferate during the prolif phase of endometrial cycle

A

basal stromal cells in the zona basalis

63
Q

estrogen induces synthesis of ___ receptors in endometrial tissue

A

progestin

64
Q

progesterone inhibits ___ prolif but promotes proliferation of ____ ___
-progest stimulates what enzymes

A

epithelial cell proliferation
promotes prolif of endometrial stroma
17B-HSD and sulfotransferase
-convert estradiol to weaker compounds

65
Q

early secretory phase of menstrual chycle

A

characterized by development of network of interdigitating tubes within the nucleolus of endometrial epithelial cells
-stimulated by progest

66
Q

middle to late secretory phase

A 
vasculariztion of endometrium increases
glycogen content increases 
thickness increases
glands become engorged with secretions
progest promotes diff of stromal cells into predecidual cells which form decidua of pregnancy
67
Q

estrogen and progestin combo contraception

A

decrease GnRH and FSH and LH

  • no follicular growth
  • no ovulation
68
Q

progestin only OCP

A
  • causes cervical mucus to thicken and become sticky and insufficient
  • inhibit sperm penetration into uterus
  • impair motility of the uterus and oviducts
  • produce changes in endometrium not conducive for implantation of embryo
  • don’t inhibit ovulation
69
Q

menorrhagia

A

loss of > 80 mL of blood

70
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful periods

71
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

few, irregular periods

72
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of periods

73
Q

__ and ___ are often due to dysfunction or cessation of HPO axis

A

oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea

74
Q

what is endometriosis and most commonly involves what

A

tissue that normally grows inside uterus grows outside it

-ovaries, bowel, and tissue lining the pelvis

75
Q

menopause

A

due to reduction in estrogen and low levels of inhibin no neg feedback of LH and FSH so levels high

76
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and plycysti covary

-abnormal steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis by androgen excess and anovulation

77
Q

enlarged polycistic ovaries are known to be associated with increased ____
elevated ___ low ___ and elevated __

A

DHEA
-elevated LH
-low FSH
elevated testosterone

Reproduction (15 decks)

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