Female anatomy Flashcards
What ar the 3 layers of the uterus?
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
What is the endometrium?
Innermost epithelial layer of the uterus, with mucous membrane
What is the myometrium?
Muscular middle layer of uterus
What is the blood supply of the uterus?
Uterine artery
Ovarian artery
What is the path of the ovarian artery?
Descends within suspensory ligament
What is the venous drainage of the uterus?
Uterine veins
What is the nerve supply of the uterus?
Sympathetic- hypogastric plexus and ovarian plexus
Para- S2-4
Sensory- T11-L2
What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus?
Body and cervix- internal iliac
Fundus- paraaortic, lumbar, superficial inguinal
What are the ligaments of the uterus?
Broad ligament Round ligament Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament Cardinal ligament
What is the broad ligament?
Peritoneal fold that overlies uterus and attaches it and the ovaries and fallopian tubes against the pelvic wall
What are the sections of the broad ligament?
Mesometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
What is the function of the round ligament?
Maintain anteversion f uterus
What is the path of the round ligament?
Exits pelvis via deep inguinal ring and continues to labia majora
What are the contents of the suspensory ligament?
Ovarian artery
Ovarian vein
Ovarian nerve plexus
Lymphatic vessels
What is the function of the cardinal ligament?
Hold cervix in place
What are the 4 segments if the fallopian tube?
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intrauterine
What is the longest and widest section of the fallopian tube?
Ampulla
Where does fertilisation occur?
Ampulla of fallopian tube
What is the histological appearance of the fallopian tube?
Labyrinthine lumen
What is the normal orientation of the uterus?
Anteverted and anteflexed
What is the angle of ante version?
Angle between axis of vagina and cervix
What is the angle of ante flexion?
Angle between axis of cervix and uterine body
When do we talk about segments of the uterus?
During pregnancy
Where is the uterus open during a C section?
Lower segment
What is the upper segment of the uterus?
Main body
What is the histological appearance of uterus in proliferative phase?
thick and richly vascularised endometrium
Small, oval glands
What is the histological appearance of a uterus in the secretory phase?
Corkscrew shaped glands filled with glycogen
What is the blood supply of the ovaries?
Ovarian artery
Uterine artery
What is the venous drainage of the ovaries?
Pampniform plexus and veins and ovarian veins
Where does the ovarian vein drain to?
Left- left renal vain
Right- IVC
What is the nerve supply of the ovary?
Ovarian plexus
What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?
Para-aortic
What ligaments support the ovaries?
Ovarian
Suspensory
Where is the ovarian ligament?
From uterus to ovary
Where is the suspensory ligament?
From ovary to pelvic wall
What happens to the ovaries after the menopause?
Become atrophied and fibrous
What are the 3 sections of the clitoris?
Glans
Body
Legs
What forms the body of the clitoris?
Corpus cavernosum
What are the legs of the clitoris?
Crura
What is the function of the crura of the clitoris?
Connect corpus cavernous to rami of pubis and ischium
What covers the crura of the clitoris?
Ischiocavernosus muscle
What is the nerve supply of the clitoris?
Dorsal nerve of clitoris, a brach of the oudendal
What lies superior to the posterior fornix?
REcto-uterine pouch
What is the clinical significance of th recto-uterine pouch?
Lowest point in peritoneal cavity i.e. likely place for spread of ascites, pus…
What forms the vesicle-utrine pouch?
Peritoneaum over bladder and uterus
What are the vaginal fornices?
Superior portions of the vagina extending into the recesses created by the vaginal portion of the cervix
What is the blood supply of the cervix?
Vaginal artery
Uterine artery
What is the cervical canal?
Spindle shaped flattened canal of cervix
What is the ectocervix?
Portion f cervix that extends into vagina
What are the 2 openings of the cervix?
Internal os
External os
What are the ovarian arteries a branch of?
Abdo aorta
What do the ovarian arteries supply?
Ovaries
Uterus
What are the uterine arteries a branch of?
Internal iliac
What do the uterine arteries supply?
Round ligament of uterus Uterus Ovaries Cervix Vagina Fallopian tubes
What is the vaginal artery a branch of?
Internal iliac
What does the vaginal artery supply?
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Vagina
Cervix
What does the internal pudendal artery supply?
Clitoris
Lower part of vagina
Labia
Superficial perineum
What is the venous drainage of the uterus and cervix?
Uterine plexus and veins
What do the uterine veins drain to?
Internal iliac
What is the venous drainage of the ovaries?
Pamniform plexus and veins to ovarian veins
Where do the ovarian veins drain to?
L to left renal vein
R to IVC
What do the vaginal plexus and veins drain?
Vagina
Uterus
Lower part of urinary bladder
REctum
What are the root values of the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
What are the main branches of the sacral plexus?
Sciatic nerve Sup gluteal Inferior gluteal Post femoral Pudendal
What are the root values of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
What are the root values of the pudendal nerve?
S2-4
What is contrast imaging of the uterus and tubes known as?
Uterosalpingography or hysterosalpingography
What is the superior 2/3rds of the uterus known as?
Body of uterus
Lower 1/3rd of the uterus is known as the….
…cervix
Supravaginal part of the cervix anatomical relations are…
Anterior - urinary bladder
Posterior - anterior wal of pouch of douglas
Lateral - uterosacral, cardinal and pubo-cervical ligaments
What is the ureter crossed by 1/2 and inch lateral to the internal os?
Uterine artery (water under the bridge so artery is more anterior than ureter)
What is the ovarian artery enclosed in?
Infundibulo-pelvis ligaments
Where is the superior hypogastric plexus found and what fibres does kit contain?
In front of sacral promintory containing sympathetic nerves
What epithelium covers the surface of the ovary?
Simple cuboidal
What is the cortex of the ovary made up of?
Connective tissue ontaining ovarian follicles
What is the medulla of the ovary made up of?
Connective tissue and blood vessels
Describe oogenesis
Pre-natal oogenesis
> oogenesis, or maturation of oocytes, begins in fetal life
primordial germ cells migrate from fetal hind gut to gonadal ridge
primordial germ cells differentiate to oogonia
in fetal ovary, oogonia proliferate by mitotic divisions
by week 20, proliferation ends and oogonia numbers peak at 7 million
oogonia (2N, diploid) differentiate to primary oocytes (2N, diploid)
primary oocytes begins meiosis I and arrest in prophase I
primary oocytes arrest in “dictyotene stage” until just before ovulation
primary oocyte is surrounded by pre-granulosa cells in primordial follicle
Post-natal oogenesis
> oogenesis, or maturation of oocytes, continues in post-puberty adult life
in follicular (proliferative) phase of menstrual cycle, development of primordial follicles yields one dominant, pre-ovulatory Graafian follicle
primary oocyte (2N, diploid) differentiates to secondary oocyte (2N, haploid)
primary oocyte completes meiosis I, yielding secondary oocyte and first polar body
secondary oocyte begins meiosis II and arrests in metaphase II
at ovulation, Graafian follicle ruptures and releases secondary oocyte
in response to fertilization, secondary oocyte completes meiosis II, yielding mature ovum (N, haploid) and second polar body
ovum nucleus condenses and forms female pronucleus that fuses with male pronucleus to form zygote
Major function of oestrogen
Develops secondary sexual characteristics
Main function of progesterone
Prepares endometrium for implantation
