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Nutrition > Feedstuffs > Flashcards

Feedstuffs Flashcards

1
Q

Describe non structural carbohydrates VS structural carbohydrates.

A
  1. NSC (easier to digest)
    -water soluble carbohydrates (WSC)
    A) simple sugar = monosaccharides
    >glu, fructose, galactose
    B) starch = polysaccharide
    >glu
    C) fructans-oligosacchardies
    >sucrose
  2. Structural
    -cellulose, hemicelluose, ligno-cellulose, lignin-complex organic polymer
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2
Q

Describe the carbohydrate classification.

A

-hydrolyzable CHO
-digestion in SI
>simple sugars & non resistant starches
-rapid fermentable CHO
-microbial digestion in LI
>resistant starch oligosaccharides (fructans)
-slowly fermentable CHO
>microbial digestion in LI

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3
Q

Describe roughage - pasture.

A

-depends on location & soil drainage
-pasture maintenance
>avoid over or under grazing
>mow 2-4in
—while resting -> controls weeds
—prevents going to seed
—drag to reduce parasite load
—fertilize as needed
>soil testing q2-3 yrs
*pasture as feed source: 1.75-2 acres per 1000# horse

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4
Q

Describe cool season VS warm season grasses.

A
  1. Cool season
    -wide variety of NSC during season & time of day
  2. Warm season
    -less variety of NSC
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5
Q

Describe the 2 different types of hay.

A
  1. Legume
    -Alfalfa & clovers
    -energy & nutrient dense
    -high protein & Ca
    -may need to add P
    -best for:
    >preg & lactating mares
    >high performance
    >growing
    >gastric ulcer (high Ca)
  2. Grass
    -low protein, high fiber
    -more vol
    -best for:
    >easy keepers (dont need as much cal)
    >light work/retired
    >stall bound
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6
Q

Describe hay qualities.

A

-nutrient composition vary
>legumes VS grasses
-vary due to growing & harvesting
>weather & soil conditions
>maturity of plant at harvesting
>storage - conditions & duration
-benefits:
>economical VS grains
>free choice hay - mimics pasture
>decrease roughage = less time eating
—risk of vices

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7
Q

Describe good quality hay.

A
  1. Harvested early
    -digestibility & protein dec as matures
  2. Free of mold, dust, weeds
  3. Not undergone excessive weathering
  4. Leaves & not stems
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8
Q

Describe hay VS straw.

A
  1. Straw
    -by product of grain harvest
    -wheat, oat, barley
    -straw is yellow or golden
    -little nutrition value & moisture
  2. Hay
    -legumes
    -grasses
    -green
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9
Q

Describe feed considerations.

A

-carbs, proteins, fats, vit, minerals = from pasture & hay

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10
Q

Describe protein requirements.

A

-requirement = 0.7-1.7 kg/day
-lysine = first limiting AA
-depend on:
>physiologic state
—maintenance, growth, pregnant, heavy work, lactation
-foals protein: suckling > weaning > yearling (high to low)

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11
Q

Describe protein deficiency VS excess.

A

DEFICIENCY:
-dec intake or qual
-young animals = dec growth & development
-mature animals = dec BCS, poor hoof & hair growth
EXCESS:
-25% or greater excess (more isn’t better)
-growth depression
-inc H2O = inc urine
-TB racehorse = slower

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12
Q

Describe fat.

A

-vegetable & seed oil
-2 x DE of corn
-allows for reduction of total feed intake
>high fat + roughage diet = prevent daily intake from exceeding 2.5% BW
-dec chance of CHO overload
-high cal in sm vol

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13
Q

Describe the IMP vit & mineral requirements.

A

-Ca
-Phos
-Vit A
-Vit E
-Se

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14
Q

Describe calcium + phosphorus requirements.

A

-Ca = 99% in bone & teeth
>imp in muscle contraction
-P = 14-17% in bone
>energy gen reactions
-most studied minerals in growing horse
-equal imp to actual amount is ratio of Ca:P
>Ca 36-40 g/day
>P 20-22 g/day
*2:1 IDEAL

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15
Q

Describe Ca interactions that decrease absorption.

A

Excess: oxalates, Cu, Zn, fat sol vit

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16
Q

Describe Vit A requirements.

A

-vision, repro, IS
-syn in GI from B-carotene
-only vit inadequate in rations
-liver stores 3-6 mo supply
-dec w dec qual of hay
>green hay = higher vit A
>poor hay qual = supplement

17
Q

Describe vit E requirement.

A

-alpha tocopherol
-fat sol
-antioxidant w Se
-maintain cell membrane
-humoral & cell mediated immunity
-high in green pasture grass
>IMP in horses w/o access to pasture
-dec w forage qual
-min storage
-deficiency
>musculoskeletal disorder
>neuro disorder

18
Q

Describe common products used to supplement.

A
  1. Grains
    -corn & oats
  2. Grain by products
    -rice bran
  3. Molasses
  4. Beet pulp
  5. Oils
    *used in combo to make commercial feed
19
Q

Describe common sources of energy (cal).

A

-cereal grains
>w hulls: rice, oat, barley
>w/o hulls: corn, wheat, rye, milo
-hulls high in fiber
-nutrient values for cereal grains vary little
-high energy, low fiber
-low Ca & most vit

20
Q

Describe corn pros & cons.

A

PRO
-same vol 2x energy of oats
-lower cost per unit of energy
-high in Vit A
CON
-lower protein
-low in lysine & tryptophan
-require more management
>mold toxicity

21
Q

Describe oats pros & cons.

A

PRO
-safer bc high fiber
-better protein
>qual & quan
CON
-inconsistent qual
>vary w amount of hull present
-more expensive

22
Q

Describe rice bran.

A

-stabilized
>by product of rice milling = white to brown rice
>made by harvesting thin, brown layer of individual rice kennel under hull
-high fat
>50-70% of rice bran energy in form of fat
-best for:
>hard keepers
>endocrine disease
>PSSM
>gastric ulcer

23
Q

Describe molasses & soybean meal.

A
  1. Molasses
    -result from refining sugarcane or sugar beet into sugar
    -palatable
    -low dust
    -high Ca
    -DE less than corn
  2. Soybean
    -common soy protein supplement
    -high in lysine & tryptophan
    >ideal for corn based diet
24
Q

Describe roughage alternative.

A

Beet pulp
-fibrous
>remains after most sugar removed from sugar beet
>cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin
-digestible fiber supplement
-high energy from fermentation in LC
-substitute for roughage or grain
-50% of diet *
-low glycemic
-avoid choke
-small batches to avoid fermentation
-best for:
>hard keepers
>poor hay qual
>problems w chewing or digesting hay
—older horses

25
Q

Describe fat supplements.

A

Vegetable & seed oils
-corn oil most cheap
-up to 2 cups/day
-2-3 mo to adjust

26
Q

Describe the 2 types of commercial feeds.

A

*nutrient composition
-grain: min variation by product
-strict production standard
1. Complete feeds
-can be fed as entire diet
-concentrate & roughage
-all protein, vit, mineral requirements
-used in old horses that need more cal
2. Mixed/textured feeds
-need feed roughage
-Vit & mineral supplement

27
Q

Describe the pros & cons of complete feed.

A

PRO
-intake inc
-waste dec
-storage space dec
-not dusty
CON
-cost
-choke

28
Q

Describe the pros & cons of mixed/textured feeds.

A

PRO
-cost
-variety
-allow for individual diet
CON
-cost
-easy to make unbalanced diet

29
Q

Describe ration balancers.

A

-goal: provide essential nutrients that are insufficient in a forage based diet (supplement)
-conc sources of protein, vit, minerals
>qual protein: soybean meal
>Ca, Na, Se, Cu, Zn
>Vit, A, D, E
-not for extra cal
>comparable to pound of good qual hay
>small daily rec feeding rate
-commercial mixed already fortified w vit & mineral

30
Q

Describe contamination of feed.

A

-mold, insect, pest, toxic plant & weeds, foreign body, toxic feed additives

Nutrition (13 decks)

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