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Animal management > Feeding+nutrition > Flashcards

Feeding+nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

List the layers of the intestinal wall, starting with the outside layer.

A

Serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa, mucosa.

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2
Q

What are the 3 classifications of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides=1 sugar, disaccharides=2 sugars, polysaccharides=3 or more sugars.

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3
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids.

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4
Q

What type of bond holds amino acids together and what are the names for different numbers of bonds?

A

Peptide bond. Dipeptides=2 bonds, polypeptides=3 or more bonds.

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5
Q

What are fats or lipids made up of and what do they contain that makes them reactive?

A

Made up of fatty acids and contain a carboxyl group.

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6
Q

List the 7 major nutrients.

A

Protein, fat, fibre, water, minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates.

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7
Q

Give one source of carbohydrates.

A

Rice, potatoes, grass, vegetables, fruit, starch.

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8
Q

Give one source of protein.

A

Meat, eggs, dairy, seeds, nuts, beans, lentils.

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9
Q

Give one source of fat.

A

Fatty meats and fish, cheese, butter, nuts and seeds, avocado, chocolate.

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10
Q

Give one source of fibre.

A

Hay, lentils, chickpeas, beans, wholemeal bread, pasta, potato skins, brown rice.

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11
Q

How many major vitamins are there?

A

13

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12
Q

Give one source of minerals.

A

Most food sources, including meat, fish, vegetables, cereal.

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13
Q

Give 4 features of herbivorous dentition.

A

Sharp incisors, flat molars, jaw moves side to side, hard dental pad, small or no canine teeth.

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14
Q

Give 3 features of carnivorous dentition.

A

Jaw moves up and down, fewer or no molars, defined canines, sharp incisors.

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15
Q

What are ancillary organs? Give an example.

A

Organs which assist with digestion, such as lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands.

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of digestive systems?

A

Monogastric, ruminant, hindgut fermenter.

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17
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

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18
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

Secretes watery fluid for lubrication, protecting the intestine from friction.

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19
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up the muscularis and what are their functions?

A

Circular, prevents food from travelling backwards. Longitudinal, shortens the tract (contraction) to keep food moving.

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20
Q

What is the structure and purpose of the sub-mucosa?

A

Thick, made up of dense connective tissue, contains a variety of glands, separates the mucosa from the smooth muscle layer.

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21
Q

What is the function of the mucosa?

A

Absorption and secretion, surrounds the lumen.

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22
Q

Name the 3 main types of enzymes and their functions.

A

Amylase=cards into sugars, protease=proteins into amino acids, lipase=fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

23
Q

What is the name of the bumps found on the tongue?

A

Papillae.

24
Q

List the compartments of a ruminants digestive system.

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.

25
Q

What happens to an enzyme if it is denatured?

A

Changed shape of the active site.

26
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

Chain of reactions of substrates coming into contact with different enzymes and finishing with an end product.

27
Q

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic (breaks down, give out energy), anabolic (builds up, use up energy)

28
Q

What does RER stand for, and how is it calculated?

A

Resting energy requirement, (30 × body weight in kg) + 70kcal/day

29
Q

What does DER stand for, and how is it calculated?

A

Daily energy requirement, RER × Factor

30
Q

What are the 3 main life stages?

A

Juvenile, adult, geriatric

31
Q

Hindgut fermenters have microbes which contain which enzymes to break down cellulose?

A

Cellulase

32
Q

What is cellulose broken down into?

A

Volatile Fatty Acid (VFAs)

33
Q

Provide the function of the duodenum.

A

Coats the food in bile to prepare for absorption.

34
Q

Provide the function of the jejunum.

A

Responsible for most of the absorption of nutrients.

35
Q

Provide the function of the ileum.

A

Absorbs vitamins, bile salts and nutrients not absorbed by the jejunum.

36
Q

What nutrients are most important for a puppy in the juvenile life stage?

A

Higher levels of protein, calcium and fat

37
Q

What is gross energy?

A

The total energy in food

38
Q

What is digestible energy?

A

The energy lost from the production/release of faeces/urine

39
Q

What is metabolizable energy?

A

The remaining energy after the production/release of urine. Based on 100g of food

40
Q

What is the resting energy requirement also known as?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

41
Q

How many stomach chambers do hindgut fermenters have?

A

1, they are monogastric but the caecum and colon are responsible for microbial fermentation and digestion

42
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein which acts as a catalyst to increase the speed of chemical reactions

43
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is used as energy. Essential for herbivores

44
Q

Provide some of the functions of protein.

A

Muscle contraction, collagen production, transporting oxygen, tissue maintenance and growth.

45
Q

Provide some of the functions of fats/lipids.

A

Source of energy, long term energy store, protecting internal organs, insulation

46
Q

Provide some of the functions of water within the body

A

Transporting of nutrients, lubricant for tissues and organs, chemical reactions, thermoregulation

47
Q

What is the function of vitamins?

A

Needed to maintain growth, health and survival in animals

48
Q

Provide some of the functions of minerals within the body.

A

Blood clotting, immunity, nerve function, stomach acid maintenance, bone and tooth development, muscle contraction, and many others.

49
Q

What is the function of fibre within the body?

A

Important source of energy, needed by the ecosystem within an animal’s gut, regulates bowel movements

50
Q

What are some of the causes of laminitis?

A

Stress, high carb diet, hormonal diseases, obesity, infection

51
Q

What are some of the signs of laminitis?

A

Reluctance to turn, change in behaviour, shortened stride/stiffened gait, shifting weight from foot to foot, abnormal heat at the hoof wall, a strong pounding digital pulse

52
Q

How can laminitis be treated?

A

Pain relief, deep bedding to cushion the foot, box rest, remedial farriery

53
Q

What’s the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1-insulin dependant, constant monitoring, genetic predisposition. Type 2-can be resolved by changes to diet, more common in cats, insulin may be required

54
Q

What are some of the symptoms of diabetes?

A

Weight loss, excessive thirst and urination, lower appetite, pungent breath with a chemical smell

Animal management (9 decks)

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