Feeding+nutrition Flashcards
List the layers of the intestinal wall, starting with the outside layer.
Serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa, mucosa.
What are the 3 classifications of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides=1 sugar, disaccharides=2 sugars, polysaccharides=3 or more sugars.
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids.
What type of bond holds amino acids together and what are the names for different numbers of bonds?
Peptide bond. Dipeptides=2 bonds, polypeptides=3 or more bonds.
What are fats or lipids made up of and what do they contain that makes them reactive?
Made up of fatty acids and contain a carboxyl group.
List the 7 major nutrients.
Protein, fat, fibre, water, minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates.
Give one source of carbohydrates.
Rice, potatoes, grass, vegetables, fruit, starch.
Give one source of protein.
Meat, eggs, dairy, seeds, nuts, beans, lentils.
Give one source of fat.
Fatty meats and fish, cheese, butter, nuts and seeds, avocado, chocolate.
Give one source of fibre.
Hay, lentils, chickpeas, beans, wholemeal bread, pasta, potato skins, brown rice.
How many major vitamins are there?
13
Give one source of minerals.
Most food sources, including meat, fish, vegetables, cereal.
Give 4 features of herbivorous dentition.
Sharp incisors, flat molars, jaw moves side to side, hard dental pad, small or no canine teeth.
Give 3 features of carnivorous dentition.
Jaw moves up and down, fewer or no molars, defined canines, sharp incisors.
What are ancillary organs? Give an example.
Organs which assist with digestion, such as lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands.
What are the 3 types of digestive systems?
Monogastric, ruminant, hindgut fermenter.
What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
What is the function of the serosa?
Secretes watery fluid for lubrication, protecting the intestine from friction.
What are the 2 layers that make up the muscularis and what are their functions?
Circular, prevents food from travelling backwards. Longitudinal, shortens the tract (contraction) to keep food moving.
What is the structure and purpose of the sub-mucosa?
Thick, made up of dense connective tissue, contains a variety of glands, separates the mucosa from the smooth muscle layer.
What is the function of the mucosa?
Absorption and secretion, surrounds the lumen.
Name the 3 main types of enzymes and their functions.
Amylase=cards into sugars, protease=proteins into amino acids, lipase=fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
What is the name of the bumps found on the tongue?
Papillae.
List the compartments of a ruminants digestive system.
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.
What happens to an enzyme if it is denatured?
Changed shape of the active site.
What are metabolic pathways?
Chain of reactions of substrates coming into contact with different enzymes and finishing with an end product.
What are the two types of metabolic pathways?
Catabolic (breaks down, give out energy), anabolic (builds up, use up energy)
What does RER stand for, and how is it calculated?
Resting energy requirement, (30 × body weight in kg) + 70kcal/day
What does DER stand for, and how is it calculated?
Daily energy requirement, RER × Factor
What are the 3 main life stages?
Juvenile, adult, geriatric
Hindgut fermenters have microbes which contain which enzymes to break down cellulose?
Cellulase
What is cellulose broken down into?
Volatile Fatty Acid (VFAs)
Provide the function of the duodenum.
Coats the food in bile to prepare for absorption.
Provide the function of the jejunum.
Responsible for most of the absorption of nutrients.
Provide the function of the ileum.
Absorbs vitamins, bile salts and nutrients not absorbed by the jejunum.
What nutrients are most important for a puppy in the juvenile life stage?
Higher levels of protein, calcium and fat
What is gross energy?
The total energy in food
What is digestible energy?
The energy lost from the production/release of faeces/urine
What is metabolizable energy?
The remaining energy after the production/release of urine. Based on 100g of food
What is the resting energy requirement also known as?
Basal Metabolic Rate
How many stomach chambers do hindgut fermenters have?
1, they are monogastric but the caecum and colon are responsible for microbial fermentation and digestion
What is an enzyme?
A protein which acts as a catalyst to increase the speed of chemical reactions
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is used as energy. Essential for herbivores
Provide some of the functions of protein.
Muscle contraction, collagen production, transporting oxygen, tissue maintenance and growth.
Provide some of the functions of fats/lipids.
Source of energy, long term energy store, protecting internal organs, insulation
Provide some of the functions of water within the body
Transporting of nutrients, lubricant for tissues and organs, chemical reactions, thermoregulation
What is the function of vitamins?
Needed to maintain growth, health and survival in animals
Provide some of the functions of minerals within the body.
Blood clotting, immunity, nerve function, stomach acid maintenance, bone and tooth development, muscle contraction, and many others.
What is the function of fibre within the body?
Important source of energy, needed by the ecosystem within an animal’s gut, regulates bowel movements
What are some of the causes of laminitis?
Stress, high carb diet, hormonal diseases, obesity, infection
What are some of the signs of laminitis?
Reluctance to turn, change in behaviour, shortened stride/stiffened gait, shifting weight from foot to foot, abnormal heat at the hoof wall, a strong pounding digital pulse
How can laminitis be treated?
Pain relief, deep bedding to cushion the foot, box rest, remedial farriery
What’s the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1-insulin dependant, constant monitoring, genetic predisposition. Type 2-can be resolved by changes to diet, more common in cats, insulin may be required
What are some of the symptoms of diabetes?
Weight loss, excessive thirst and urination, lower appetite, pungent breath with a chemical smell
