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Animal management > Animal health > Flashcards

Animal health Flashcards

1
Q

What does TPR stand for?

A

Temperature, pulse and respiration.

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2
Q

What does CRT stand for?

A

Capillary refill time.

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3
Q

What is a loss of appetite known as in animals?

A

Anorexia.

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4
Q

If an animal’s mucous membranes are white, this could suggest…

A

Anaemia (blood loss).

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5
Q

What is the average core body temp for a dog?

A

38.3-38.7 degrees Celsius.

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6
Q

What are the four types of thermometers?

A

mercury, digital, sub clinical and electronic.

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7
Q

Name three homeostatic mechanisms.

A

Sweating, panting, shivering.

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8
Q

What is the difference between pyrexia and hyperthermia?

A

Pyrexia is a high body temperature, whereas hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature.

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9
Q

Name five pieces of equipment that may be used in a health check.

A

Gloves, carry box, auroscope, stethoscope, thermometer, table, scales.

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10
Q

How could you make a health check a positive experience for the animal?

A

Bring them a friend, animal friendly voice, no loud noises.

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11
Q

What is the difference between isolation and quarantine?

A

We isolate the sick to prevent the spread of disease whereas we quarantine to prevent the introduction of disease.

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12
Q

What is prophylaxis? Give an example.

A

Preventative care such as vaccinations, neutering, worming, grooming and supplementations.

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13
Q

Name 10 of the areas that you would cover in a health check.

A

Appetite and water intake, behaviour, TPR, movement and gait, eyes, nose, ears, mouth/teeth, mucous membranes, skin/fur/feather/scales, limbs/feet, genitals/anal area, coughing/sneezing/vomiting, body condition and weight.

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14
Q

If a baby is altricial, what does it look like?

A

Pink, naked, eyes closed.

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15
Q

If a baby is precocial, what does it look like?

A

Haired, eyes open.

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16
Q

Give 3 examples of the 1st layer of defence.

A

Nose (nose hair), skin, mucus (cillia), eyelashes, earwax, stomach acid, tears, saliva.

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17
Q

Give 5 main types of pathogens.

A

Fungi, parasites, protozoa, virus, bacteria.

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18
Q

What is the difference between sterilisation and disinfection?

A

Sterilisation is the complete eradication of microorganisms, disinfection is reducing bacteria.

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19
Q

Give an example of a zoonotic and a notifiable disease.

A

Zoontotic-ringworm, salmonella. Notifiable-bird flu.

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20
Q

How is inflammation and a fever related to the immune system?

A

Second line of defence. The release of histamines from leukocytes causes inflammation and a fever

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21
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymphatic fluid to trap antigens.

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22
Q

The immune systems secondary response is…

A

When lymphocytes become memory cells to recognise antigens that they’ve fought before, therefore being able to destroy them more effectively (immunological memory).

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23
Q

What is the average core body temp for a cat?

A

38.0-38.5 degrees Celsius.

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24
Q

How does bone marrow aid in an immune response?

A

It is the site of production of many white blood cells.

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25
Q

What is the role of T-cells?

A

Help activate cytotoxic T-cells to kill antigens and alert the body to start an immune response.

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26
Q

What is the role of B-cells?

A

Create antibodies to neutralise antigens.

27
Q

What are the two main white blood cells involved with phagocytosis?

A

Monocytes and macrophages.

28
Q

Give 2 examples of viruses found in dogs

A

Kennel cough, parvo, distemper, rabies

29
Q

Give 4 examples of parasites

A

Fleas, ticks, mites, lice, mosquitos, leeches

30
Q

Give 2 examples of diseases caused by bacteria.

A

Salmonella, E.coli, strep

31
Q

What are the 4 classifications of bacteria?

A

Bacilli (Rods), Vibrios, spiralla (spiral), Cocci

32
Q

What are the 3 ways in which bacteria can reproduce?

A

Binary fission, conjugation, sporulation

33
Q

What are 2 differences between moulds and yeasts?

A

Moulds are multicellular and do not require moisture to be produced. Yeasts are unicellular and require moisture.

34
Q

What are the 3 types of the cocci classification of bacteria?

A

Diplococci, staphylococci, streptococci

35
Q

Describe the basic structure of viruses.

A

All have a protein coat (CAPSID), some have an outer envelope, smallest known infectious agents.

36
Q

Provide the steps of how a virus reproduces.

A

Attach to host cell, release core, reassemble cell, duplicate, rupture and release. Can only attach to cells that carry a specific receptor. (Most viruses only affect 1 or 2 species)

37
Q

What’s the difference between a fomite and a vector?

A

A vector transfers disease through blood (parasites), a fomite is an infected object.

38
Q

What does APHA stand for?

A

Animal, Plant and Health Agency

39
Q

What is the legislation, including the year, that is used to regulate notifiable diseases.

A

Animal Health Act 1981

40
Q

What is a prion and what disease is it generally associated with?

A

Infectious protein associated with mad cow disease.

41
Q

Give two examples of protozoa and what makes them a protozoa?

A

Guardia, toxoplasma. They are microscopic, single celled organisms

42
Q

What type of amino acid is essential for cats?

A

Taurine, only available from meat sources, making cats obligate carnivores.

43
Q

What are the two main surgical treatment options for urolithiasis?

A

Cystotomy-removal of stones. Urethrostomy-new opening for urine.

44
Q

If an animals mucous membranes are cherry red, this could suggest…?

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning

45
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for a dog?

A

10-30 breaths per minute

46
Q

What is the most common pulse point on a dog?

A

Femoral artery

47
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Stimulating the animals’ immune system to produce antibodies (vaccinations)

48
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Recieve antibodies from colostrum and placenta.

49
Q

What are the 2 main classes of ectoparasites?

A

Insecta and arachnida

50
Q

How can you tell the difference between insecta and arachnida ectoparasites?

A

Insecta-3 pairs of legs, 3 body segments, 1 pair of antennae. Arachnida-4 pairs of legs, 2 body segments, no antennae

51
Q

What’s the difference between a fracture and a break?

A

There is no difference, they are the same thing.

52
Q

What first aid would you perform on an animal in a case of dislocation?

A

Confinement, reduce swelling, apply cold compress

53
Q

What first aid would you perform on an animal in a case of choking?

A

Try to remove the object from the airway, don’t reach into the throat as it can be pushed further down and the animal may bite, push forward with your thumb and finger from the outside of the throat or pull sharply on the chest to release air.

54
Q

What first aid would you perform on an animal in a case of a sting?

A

Cold compress, remove sting and bathe in bicarbonate Soda for bee stings, vinegar or lemon juice for wasp stings, get advice from a vet if the sting was in the mouth

55
Q

What first aid would you perform on an animal in a case of poisoning?

A

Life threatening, see vet, do not induce vomiting.

56
Q

What first aid would you perform on an animal in a case of haemorrhage?

A

If there is a foreign body, cover the wound with a pad and fasten the sides, don’t apply pressure. If there is no foreign body, direct digital pressure (clean finger and thumb to pinch closed or towel for larger wounds, constant pressure for 5 minutes to allow clotting)

57
Q

What first aid would you perform on an animal in a case of shock?

A

stop any obvious haemorrhage, maintain body temp, lowering head, maintain airway, keep the animal calm and still.

58
Q

What do CPR and BLS stand for?

A

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Basic Life Support

59
Q

Explain the steps of CPR on an animal.

A

120bpm, 1/2-1/3 in the chest for 2 minutes. In deep chested animals, this can be done in a right lateral position, barrel chest=on back. A new compressor should take over every 2 minutes to prevent fatigue.

60
Q

What could blue mucous membranes suggest?

A

Cyanotic-lack of oxygen, could be caused by hypoxia (obstruction)

61
Q

What could yellow mucous membranes suggest?

A

Jaundice/Icteric-liver disease

62
Q

What could red/purple mucous membranes suggest?

A

Toxaemia-toxicity/congestion

63
Q

Name the 5 vaccinations that are given to dogs and the one optional vaccine.

A

Parvo, adenovirus, distemper, leptospirosis, kennel cough. Rabies not a routine vaccine

Animal management (9 decks)

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