Biological systems Flashcards
List the layers found in a blood sample when put into a centrifuge.
Plasma, buffy coat layer (thrombocytes and leucocytes), erythrocytes
What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation.
Systemic pumps blood around the body, pulmonary pumps blood to the lungs.
What is the function of the vena cava?
Takes blood from the body to the right atrium.
What is the function of the chordae tendinea?
Anchors the atrio-ventricular valves.
What do atrio-ventricular valves do?
Separate the atrium and ventricles to prevent backflow.
What do coronary vessels do?
Provide the heart with its own blood supply.
What is the function of semilunar valves?
They prevent backflow in the ventricles.
What is epithelial tissue?
Tightly packed cells with one side exposed to air and the other side a basement membrane. It covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs.
What is the purpose of epithelial tissue?
Barrier against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms and fluid loss. Also provides a surface for absorption, excretion and transport of molecules.
What are the three types of epithelial tissue and what are the different thickness types known as?
Squamous, cuboidal and columnar. 1 layer=simple. more than 1 layer=stratified, pseudostratified=1 layer disguised as 2
What is the layer sometimes found on top of epithelial tissue known as and what does it do?
Cilia, used to catch pathogens and helps with movement.
What is the difference between mechanical and cellular respiration?
Mechanical is the process of breathing, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Cellular is the process by which the body receives energy.
What 7 structures make up the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli.
What are turbinate bones and what is their function?
fine scrolls of bone, highly vascular and lined with ciliated mucous epithelial tissue. Responsible for filtering out dust and other foreign matter as well as moistening the air.
What are sinuses and what do they do?
Air filled cavity. Lightens the skull and allows the area of the skull used for muscle attachment to be larger. Also used for heat exchange and sites for mucous secretion.
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
List the order of the 4 structures of the urinary system.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
What does ADH stand for?
Anti diuretic hormone.
What do ADHs do?
Control the kidneys. The brain detects any change in water concentration and allows the kidneys to absorb more or less water.
What is the term for a ripe ovarian follicle?
Graafian follicle.
What are the 7 parts of the female reproductive system?
Ovary, uterine tube (fallopian tube), uterus (horn and body), cervix, vagina, vestibule, vulva.
The ovary is attached to the abdominal wall by the…
Mesovarium.
What’s the difference between spontaneous ovulation and induced ovulation?
Spontaneous=independent of mating. Induced=ovulation induced/caused by mating
Part of the mesovarium forms a pocket like structure known as…
The ovarian bursa.
The funnel shaped end of the ovarian tube is called the…
Infundibulum.
What can be found in the uterine tube that propels ova towards the uterine horns?
Cilia.
What is another term for mating?
Copulation.
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
Endometrium, myometrium, mesometrium.
What forms at the site of a ruptured follicle and produces progesterone?
Corpus leuteum.
Each ripe follicle contains…
A large amount of fluid and one ovum.
Parturition is another term for what?
Giving birth.
Name the 6 main hormones associated with the female reproductive system.
Oestrogen, FSH, LH, oxytocin, progesterone, prolactin.
For roughly how long does a dog ovulate and how long is their oestrous cycle?
Ovulate 4-13 days, cycle is approx 90 days
How many chromosomes do dogs have?
78
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone.
Where is progesterone released from and what does progesterone do?
Released from corpus luteum and function is to promote and maintain early pregnancy.
What are the 5 steps of an oestrous cycle?
Pro-oestrous, oestrous, metoestrous, dioestrous, anoestrous.
Give 3 functions of the testes.
Produce sperm, produce fluid for transportation, secrete testosterone.
What is the main difference between a dog and cats Penis?
That cats glans penis is covered in barbs that elicit a pain reflex in the female to induce ovulation.
What are the 3 types of cells found in the testes and what are their functions?
Spermatogenic-transform to sperm, sertoli-nurse cells for sperm, cells of leydig-produce testosterone.
What are the 3 sections of the epididymis?
Head (caput), body (corpus), tail (doubles back as vas deferens).
What glands are only found in male cats, not dogs and what is their function?
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands. Like the prostate, make contribution to seminal fluid.
What is the glans penis?
Distal end of penis. Urethral fossa protrudes slightly with urethral opening central.
What is the function of the vas deferens?
During ejaculation, sperm and fluid produced in seminiferous tubules propell along epididymis and up the vas deferens which joins with the urethra.
What is the epididymis?
Long convulated tube which connects efferent ducts of testes to vas deferens.
Give 3 functions of the oestrous cycle.
Produce ova, prepare tract to receive ova, initiate behavioural patterns, stimulate female to stand still and allow mating.
What is the placenta and what is its function?
Temporary organ made up of veins and embryonic tissue. Allows nutrient uptake, thermoregulation, waste elimination and gas exchange.
What is the prostate gland?
Bi-lobed and lies on the floor of the penis, surrounding the urethra. Like the bulbourethral glands, it makes a contribution to seminal fluid.
What is the prepuce?
Covers and protects, lined with a mucous membrane, and is well supplied with lubricating glands. Pushed back during mating to reveal the glans penis.
What is the os penis?
Tunnel shaped bone within the glans penis which aids in the entry of the vagina during early mating when erection is only partially complete.
What is the purpose of seminal fluid?
Increases the volume of ejaculate, provides the correct environment for the sperm and neutralises the acidity of urine.