feeding/fasting Flashcards

1
Q

GLUT 4

A

muscle and adipose

insulin sensitive

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2
Q

GLUT2

A

liver, kidney and pancreas

normal/high BGL

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3
Q

GLUT1/3

A

brain

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4
Q

amylase

A

breaks down starch into its smaller forms

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5
Q

monosaccharide digestion

A

simple/active diffusion via GLUT receptor

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6
Q

glycaemic index

A

ability of foods to raise BGL

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7
Q

fatty acid synthesis

A

acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA to palmitate

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8
Q

formation of malonyl CoA

A

regulated by acetyl CoA carboxylase (insulin regulated)

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9
Q

acetyl CoA carboxylase and insulin

A

high insulin increases fatty acid synthesis by increasing activity

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10
Q

acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA pre pathway

A

oxaloacetate to cross membrane

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11
Q

triacylgylcerols

A

fatty acids synthesised in the liver with glycerol

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12
Q

VLDL

A

TAG and cholesterol

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13
Q

VLDL circulation

A

from the liver to adipose tissues

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14
Q

digestion of lipids

A

lipase and bile create micelles and facilitated diffusion into cells

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15
Q

lipid digestion in the cell

A

reformed into TAG and chylomicrons

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16
Q

chylomicrons

A

transport lipids in the lymph and into the blood

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17
Q

breakdown of TAG and chylomicrons

A

lipoprotein lipase release fatty acids and glycerol

18
Q

digestion of amino acids

A

pepsinogen/pepsin to reduce in size

19
Q

amino acid digestion in intestine

A

active transport to cell and facilitated diffusion into blood

20
Q

amino acids in the liver

A

used for protein synthesis and excess into fatty acid synthesis

21
Q

transamination

A

change amino acids into different ones

22
Q

feeding and protein synthesis

A

net protein synthesis, triggered by insulin

23
Q

amino acid breakdown

A

carbon skeleton can be used as a substrate for glucose

24
Q

glycogen breakdown in the liver

A

glycogen phosphorylase enzyme

25
substrates for gluconeogenesis
lactate, glycerol and carbon skeletons
26
gluconeogensis
bypasses irreversible steps of glycolysis
27
F26BP in gluconeogenesis
follows insulin, low insulin (fasting) decreases PFK1 to stop glycolysis
28
fatty acids in gluconeogenesis
makes acetyl CoA from fatty acids (blood) and glycerol for glucose (lymph)
29
ketone body production
acetyl CoA required, in starvation there is an acetyl CoA excess which creates ketones
30
ketones used
brain, cross BBB through changing and reforming
31
glucogenic amino acids
metabolised for pyruvate or oxaloacetate for ATP production or converted to glucose
32
ketogenic amino acids
forms acetyl CoA for ATP production, no glucose
33
urea cycle
in liver, ammonia enters with CO2 and is converted to urea and excreted into the urine
34
portal triad
hepatic artery, portal vein and common bile duct
35
sinusoids
contact with arteries and ends in central vein
36
spaces of disse
space between sinuoids and vessels
37
hepatic acinus
2 adjacent lobules, 3 zones
38
ito cell
contain vitamin A and produce collagen fibres
39
pancreatic duct
through pancreas and into the duodenum
40
exocrine pancreas
lipases, look like a berry
41
endocrine pancreas
islet of langerhans