feeding/fasting

Question 1

GLUT 4

Answer 1

muscle and adipose

insulin sensitive

Question 2

GLUT2

Answer 2

liver, kidney and pancreas

normal/high BGL

Question 3

GLUT1/3

Answer 3

brain

Question 4

amylase

Answer 4

breaks down starch into its smaller forms

Question 5

monosaccharide digestion

Answer 5

simple/active diffusion via GLUT receptor

Question 6

glycaemic index

Answer 6

ability of foods to raise BGL

Question 7

fatty acid synthesis

Answer 7

acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA to palmitate

Question 8

formation of malonyl CoA

Answer 8

regulated by acetyl CoA carboxylase (insulin regulated)

Question 9

acetyl CoA carboxylase and insulin

Answer 9

high insulin increases fatty acid synthesis by increasing activity

Question 10

acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA pre pathway

Answer 10

oxaloacetate to cross membrane

Question 11

triacylgylcerols

Answer 11

fatty acids synthesised in the liver with glycerol

Question 12

VLDL

Answer 12

TAG and cholesterol

Question 13

VLDL circulation

Answer 13

from the liver to adipose tissues

Question 14

digestion of lipids

Answer 14

lipase and bile create micelles and facilitated diffusion into cells

Question 15

lipid digestion in the cell

Answer 15

reformed into TAG and chylomicrons

Question 16

chylomicrons

Answer 16

transport lipids in the lymph and into the blood

Question 17

breakdown of TAG and chylomicrons

Answer 17

lipoprotein lipase release fatty acids and glycerol

Question 18

digestion of amino acids

Answer 18

pepsinogen/pepsin to reduce in size

Question 19

amino acid digestion in intestine

Answer 19

active transport to cell and facilitated diffusion into blood

Question 20

amino acids in the liver

Answer 20

used for protein synthesis and excess into fatty acid synthesis

Question 21

transamination

Answer 21

change amino acids into different ones

Question 22

feeding and protein synthesis

Answer 22

net protein synthesis, triggered by insulin

Question 23

amino acid breakdown

Answer 23

carbon skeleton can be used as a substrate for glucose

Question 24

glycogen breakdown in the liver

Answer 24

glycogen phosphorylase enzyme

Question 25

substrates for gluconeogenesis

Answer 25

lactate, glycerol and carbon skeletons

Question 26

gluconeogensis

Answer 26

bypasses irreversible steps of glycolysis

Question 27

F26BP in gluconeogenesis

Answer 27

follows insulin, low insulin (fasting) decreases PFK1 to stop glycolysis

Question 28

fatty acids in gluconeogenesis

Answer 28

makes acetyl CoA from fatty acids (blood) and glycerol for glucose (lymph)

Question 29

ketone body production

Answer 29

acetyl CoA required, in starvation there is an acetyl CoA excess which creates ketones

Question 30

ketones used

Answer 30

brain, cross BBB through changing and reforming

Question 31

glucogenic amino acids

Answer 31

metabolised for pyruvate or oxaloacetate for ATP production or converted to glucose

Question 32

ketogenic amino acids

Answer 32

forms acetyl CoA for ATP production, no glucose

Question 33

urea cycle

Answer 33

in liver, ammonia enters with CO2 and is converted to urea and excreted into the urine

Question 34

portal triad

Answer 34

hepatic artery, portal vein and common bile duct

Question 35

sinusoids

Answer 35

contact with arteries and ends in central vein

Question 36

spaces of disse

Answer 36

space between sinuoids and vessels

Question 37

hepatic acinus

Answer 37

2 adjacent lobules, 3 zones

Question 38

ito cell

Answer 38

contain vitamin A and produce collagen fibres

Question 39

pancreatic duct

Answer 39

through pancreas and into the duodenum

Question 40

exocrine pancreas

Answer 40

lipases, look like a berry

Question 41

endocrine pancreas

Answer 41

islet of langerhans