Feburary PE Exam questions and answers

Question 1

Define expiratory reserve volume.

Answer 1

The amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath.

Question 2

Identify 2 functions of the fast component of EPOC.

Answer 2

1. Restore phosphocreatine and ATP

2. Resaturate myoglobin

Question 3

What is the type of joint, main agonist and joint action when holding the crucifix position in gymnastics?

Answer 3

Type of joint- ball and socket
Agonist- deltoid
Joint action- abduction

Question 4

How does wave summation help a gymnast get extra height?

Answer 4

1. Wave summation allows for a more powerful contraction
2. The stimuli are sent so frequently that the muscle is stimulated before it even has time to relax
3. This means they will have a greater force to propel into the air and get extra height with.

Question 5

Identify some characteristics of fast twitch glycolytic fibres.

Answer 5

1. High fatigue ability
2. Lots of PC Stores
3. Lots of glycogen stores
4. Very quick contraction speed
5. Large muscle fibre size

Question 6

How are the characteristics of fast twitch glycolytic fibres good for producing ATP anaerobically?

Answer 6

If they have lots of PC Stores then they can quickly resynthesize and reproduce ATP to be used in the ATP-PC system anaerobically
If they have lots of glycogen then they can produce energy for resynthesize in the lactic acid system

Question 7

When relating to energy transfer, evaluate the use of altitude training for a 1500m run.

Answer 7

• Altitude training is when an athlete trains about 5000m above sea level. Because it is so high it helps with the aerobic capacity of an athlete.
• When training at this altitude, more EPO is produced and so there is a greater delivery of oxygen through red blood cells. This is helpful as an average club runner for 1500m will usually use the aerobic system for energy.
• However, for stronger athletes they are more likely to use the lactic acid system as they will only be competing for about 2 minutes and so something like HIT training might be better.
• There are other disadvantages of altitude training because the athlete might experience sickness which means they can’t train and they may also miss home.
• This method would be more helpful for a longer distance runner like a marathon or someone competing in a triathlon of running, cycling and swimming.

Question 8

Evaluate the contribution of the ATP-PC system.

Answer 8

• The ATP-PC system can only work and last for about 10 seconds.
• An athlete can only use their ATP stores for 2 seconds
• It involves the breakdown of ATP into ADP + P.
• PC stores then use their energy to build ADP back into ATP.
• But you only have enough PC to use the stores for about 8 seconds.
• It then takes about 2-3 minute for the PC stores to be replenished (in the fast component of EPOC).

Question 9

Evaluate the contribution of the lactic acid system.

Answer 9

• This system lasts for 1-2 minutes.
• This system converts glycogen into glucose. Glycolysis then breaks down glucose.
• From this, enough energy to resynthesize 2 ATP are produced. Pyruvic acid is then also produced.
• However, without oxygen pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid.
• It has a low energy yield as it only produces 2 ATP from 1 molecule of glucose.
• It does produce the energy quickly though.

Question 10

Evaluate the contribution of the aerobic system.

Answer 10

• Follows the same path as lactic acid system- glycogen-glucose- energy for 2 ATP-pyruvic acid. But with oxygen the pyruvic acid turns into acetyl-co-A and then joins the Kreb’s cycle.
• Carbon dioxide and water are produced.
• Energy for another 2 ATP is produced.
• Hydrogen ions are then produced and this enters the electron transport chain where lots of energy is produced to make 32-34 ATP (so 36-38 in total).
• It takes much more time for this system but it does last for a long time.
• There is a high energy yield from only one glucose molecule.

Question 11

Would you describe the dive at a start of a swimming race, self-paced or externally paced?

Answer 11

Self paced

Question 12

Would you describe the dive at a start of a swimming race, simple or complex?

Answer 12

Simple

Question 13

Define response time.

Answer 13

The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the end of movement.

Question 14

What are the functions of the central mechanisms in Whiting’s model?

Answer 14

Perceptual- the athlete interprets all the information in the display and surroundings
Translatory- makes a decision and compares to other past situations depending on the information
Effector- A response is sent for the muscles to react.

Question 15

What strategies can be used to improve selective attention?

Answer 15

1. Make the stimulus more intense- like a brighter colour object
2. Train with lots of distractions so the athlete has to learn how to only focus on the important information.
3. Look at the opposition you are playing against and try to prempt and anticipate what they will do so you are ready for it.
4. Practice with the stimuli for a long time- increase the chances of getting to know the stimuli.

Question 16

What is chunking and chaining?

Answer 16

Chunking is when you store information in large blocks and memory units.
Chaining is linking pieces of information together.

Question 17

How do chunking and chaining help the decision making process?

Answer 17

If there are less pieces of information, then it is easier to remember. Overall recall should therefore be quicker.

Question 18

What are the principles of insight learning?

Answer 18

• Insight learning encourages the athlete to use the past experiences they have had to make an informed decision about what they will do this time- like in tactics or strategies.
• The coach does not tell the athlete what to do, but the athlete has to work out for themselves what will be the best technique.
  This means they must modify their behaviour on what has happened in the past.

Question 19

How effective is insight learning?

Answer 19

1. It makes the athlete think for themselves
2. Allows for constant reflection as must keep going back to previous events.
3. Might be more likely to remember it in the future if they have been the ones to come up with it.

Question 20

Define socialisation.

Answer 20

The learning of cultural values in society

Question 21

Define a professional performer.

Answer 21

Someone who receives direct payment for their participation.

Question 22

Give some characteristics of nineteenth century lawn tennis.

Answer 22

1. They had lots of equipment
2. Because they were well education and literate there were lots of rules
3. Both sexes would play together socially.
4. Played by the middle class who had lots of time to play.

Question 23

What is social change?

Answer 23

This is when there are changes made to the behaviour and culture of a society. It takes a long time for social change.

Question 24

Give an example of social change.

Answer 24

For a long time women did not play sports because they were considered too weak and had more domestic roles. In the majority of sports where there is a men’s team there is a women’s team- England Women’s football team.

Question 25

What are the impacts of using a campaign to help racism.

Answer 25

1. It increases the number of people playing sport.
2. It shows people in and outside of the sport that there are still issues with in sport (like racism).
3. Educates people on how deal with situations like this to reduce the number of issues there are and shows what behaviour is acceptable.

Question 26

Why did the Church encourage sport?

Answer 26

Sport and recreation shared the similar idea of a healthy body and a healthy mind as in Christianity.
The church thought that if people were playing sport it would mean that people were not committing crimes out on the street and almost worked like a social control.
It also increased the number of people and families going to church.

Question 27

How did the Church encourage sport?

Answer 27

They provided facilities for teams to play. For example they would give their sports fields for them to play on.
They also organised teams within communities so they could play against other communities- Aston Villa.
They organised competitions and leagues amongst other churches.
When the clergy and missionaries went out they also took sport with them so it reached a greater number of people.

Question 28

Evaluate the idea that sport should have a positive impact on individual health benefits.

Answer 28

1. Some health benefits of playing sport is that there is a reduced risk of heart disease and strokes by lowering cholesterol.
2. There is also a reduced risk of obesity or dietary related conditions like diabetes.
3. When people feel better about their physical health, their mental health would also improve too. This means they are going to be more likely to want to go out and get a job and go and see friends.
4. Having less unhealthy people also means there would be a reduced pressure on the NHS so that when you are ill you will get all the help you need.

Question 29

Evaluate the idea that sport should have a positive impact on society.

Answer 29

1. If people are playing sport it means they are less likely to be committing crimes and are having a more positive impact.
2. If there is a club in a local area this should help to bring together the idea of a community and social cohesion as they will all be partaking together.
3. Gives people a topic of conversation and something in common.
4. Will take more pride as a community to make sure that their sports facilities are kept in good condition- less vandalism.