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PE > Characteristics of skill, transfer and practice > Flashcards

Characteristics of skill, transfer and practice Flashcards

1
Q

Define skill.

A

A learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with minimum outlay of time and energy but maximum certainty of results.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of skill?

A 
A- aesthetically pleasing
C- controlled
E- efficient
F- fluent
A- accurate
C- consistent
E- economical
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3
Q

If a skill is ‘open’ is it unpredictable or predictable?

A

unpredictable

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4
Q

Playing in a hockey match, with opponents and different weather conditions is an example of which continua?

A

Open

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5
Q

If a skill is ‘closed’ how would you describe it?

A

Predictable

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6
Q

Give an example of a closed skill.

A

Throwing a shot putt

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7
Q

What size muscle groups would a gross skill require?

A

Large

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8
Q

What size muscle groups would a fine skill require?

A

Small

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9
Q

Give an example of a gross skill

A

The long jump using the quadriceps

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10
Q

Give an example of a fine skill

A

Throwing a dart

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11
Q

If the performer has control over the skill and can decide what to do and when, then what is this called?

A

Self paced

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12
Q

Give an example of a self paced skill

A

Deciding when to take a penalty

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13
Q

What would an externally paced skill look like?

A

One where the performer has little control over when they can start the skill or how quick they can perform the skill.

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14
Q

Give an example of an externally paced skill.

A

Having to wait for the gun to go off at the beginning of a race.

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15
Q

What is a skill called that has a clear beginning and end?

A

Discrete

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16
Q

Give an example of a discrete skill

A

Hitting a ball in hockey

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17
Q

What is it called when several discrete skills are put together into a sequence?

A

Serial skill

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18
Q

The triple jump is an example of what skill continua?

A

Serial skill

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19
Q

Define a continuous skill.

A

One with no clear beginning and end

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20
Q

Give an example of a continuous skill

A

Cycling

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21
Q

What type of skill is easily broken down?

A

Low organised skill

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22
Q

Give an example of a low organised skill

A

Swimming stroke- broken down into arms and legs

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23
Q

Define a highly organised skill.

A

One that is not easily broken down.

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24
Q

Does a simple skill need lots of decisions?

A

No- limited decisions to be made

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25
Q

Give an example of a simple skill

A

A forward roll

26
Q

Define a complex skill.

A

One where there is lots of decisions to be made and information needing to be taking into account

27
Q

Dribbling in hockey is an example of a complex or simple skill?

A

Complex

28
Q

Define transfer

A

The effect of learning on skill, has on the learning of another skill

29
Q

Define positive transfer and give an example of positive transfer.

A

When the learning of one skill helps another. For example, the throwing of a ball in basketball and the throwing of a netball,

30
Q

Define negative transfer and give an example.

A

When the learning of one skill, hinders the learning of another. For example in tennis hitting a ball with power as opposed to hitting a shuttlecock in badminton.

31
Q

What does it mean when there is zero transfer? Give an example.

A

There is no effect from the learning of one skill on the learning of another. For example, swimming and climbing.

32
Q

What does bilateral transfer mean? Give an example.

A

Being able to do a skill on one side of the body and another. For example kicking a football with left and right feet.

33
Q

Give 3 ways a coach could ensure positive transfer.

A
  1. Make sure training is realistic
  2. Make sure they have fully learnt the first skill before moving onto another
  3. Reward and reinforce players when positive transfer has taken place.
34
Q

Define whole practice.

A

Practicing a skill in its entirety.

35
Q

When might an athlete use whole practice?

A
  1. If the skill is discrete
  2. If the skill is of high organisation
  3. If the skill is simple
  4. If the athlete is an autonomous learner
36
Q

Name 3 advantages of whole practice.

A
  1. Realistic and get a feel for the skill as a whole
  2. Makes the skill consistent
  3. Helps to create an image of what the whole skill should look like.
37
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of whole practice.

A
  1. May get information overload

2. May become fatigued

38
Q

What is meant by whole part whole practice?

A

This is practicing all of the skill, then breaking it down and focusing on certain elements and then practising it all together again.

39
Q

Why might an athlete use whole part whole?

A
  1. If they are a beginner and have weaknesses

2. To gain confidence if they can master 1 element

40
Q

Name 3 advantages of whole part whole?

A
  1. Gives confidence
  2. Can correct errors
  3. Provides immediate feedback.
41
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of whole part whole?

A
  1. Can make negative transfers between linking the skills back together
  2. Time consuming
42
Q

What is meant by progressive part practice?

A

This is when the first part of the skill is learned and then gradually adding parts to the sequence.

43
Q

When might progressive part be used?

A
  1. In routines like dance and trampolining
  2. When the skill is of low organisation and can be broken down
  3. If the skills are particularly hard and would be too difficult to learn all together.
44
Q

What are the advantages of progressive part?

A
  1. Can focus on just one element
  2. Reduced fatigue
  3. Gives motivation and confidence if they can master a certain element.
45
Q

What are the disadvantages of progressive part?

A
  1. Time consuming

2. Might get negative transfer/links when putting skills together

46
Q

Define massed practice

A

Repetition of skill practice with no rest or break intervals

47
Q

What are the advantages of massed practice?

A
  1. Promotes fitness
  2. Skill becomes learnt in motor programme
  3. Quick
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of massed practice?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Not useful if the skill is open and unpredictable
  3. Boring
49
Q

Define distributed practice.

A

Practicing skills with rest intervals between sessions.

50
Q

What are the advantages of distributed practice?

A
  1. Allows time for recovery

2 Allows mental rehearsal and feedback

51
Q

What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?

A
  1. Time consuming

2. Might be negative transfer between breaks

52
Q

What is an example of distributed practice?

A

A swimmer practicing a swimming stroke

53
Q

What is varied practice?

A

When skills are practiced but the drills and type of practice are frequently changed.

54
Q

When should varied practice be used?

A

When the skill is open and externally paced.

55
Q

What are the advantages of varied practice?

A
  1. Builds a schema
  2. Gives motivation if they can do a certain element
  3. Allows for adaptation for a changing environment
56
Q

What are the disadvantages of varied practice?

A
  1. Time consuming

2. possible negative transfer

57
Q

Give an example of varied practice.

A

In hockey practicing different passes and this being dictated to by a coach shouting.

58
Q

What is mental practice?

A

Going over a skill in the athlete’s mind without movement

59
Q

What is the benefits of mental practice?

A
  1. Improves reaction time
  2. Builds up motor programme
  3. Builds confidence
  4. controls anxiety
60
Q

What are the disadvantages of mental practice?

A
  1. The skill in their head has to be correct

2. Environment must be calm- gymnast doing it in a changing room before going out.

PE (9 decks)

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