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PE > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean if the heart is myogenic?

A

It has the capacity to generate its own impulses- it can beat on its own

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2
Q

What does SAN stand for?

A

Sinoatrial node

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3
Q

What does the SAN do?

A

It acts as a pacemaker. It sets the heart rate for the heart.

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4
Q

What does AVN stand for?

A

Atrioventricular node

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5
Q

What does the AVN do?

A

It slows the impulse being sent between the atrium and ventricle. This means that as much blood as possible can pass between the two.

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6
Q

What are the punkinje fibres and what do they do?

A

They are in the walls of the ventricles and cause the ventricles to contract when they get an impulse sent.

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7
Q

What is the correct order that the red blood cell takes starting at the venae cava?

A

Superior/inferior venae cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left aorta - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aorta

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8
Q

In what order does the impulse travel through the heart?

A

SAN - atrial systole - AVN - septum - bundle of his - punkinje fibres - ventricular systole

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9
Q

What does the sympathetic system do?

A

Speeds up the heart rate

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10
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do?

A

Slows down heart rate

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11
Q

What is the role of chemoreceptors?

A

When exercising the body takes in more carbon dioxide. The chemoreceptors detect chemical changes and an increase in carbon dioxide means a decrease in PH. Because it has highlighted that the body is exercising it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system so heart rate increases to take in more oxygen.

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12
Q

What is the role of baroreceptors?

A

Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure. They set blood pressure at a certain point. When an athlete starts exercising this point increases. But when the athletes blood pressure exceeds this point baroreceptors send impulses to the medulla oblangata to go down the parasympathetic to slow down impulses. If it is below this amount then impulses go down the sympathetic to increase heart rate.

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13
Q

What is the role of proprioceptors?

A

Proprioceptors detect changes in muscle movement. An increase in muscle movement means impulses are sent down the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate.

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14
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A stress hormone

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15
Q

Where is adrenaline released and what does it do?

A

It is released by the sympathetic nervous system. It causes an increase in heart rate.

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16
Q

What does atrial and ventricular diastole mean?

A

It means when the atrium and ventricle relax and fill up with blood.

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17
Q

What does atrial and ventricular systole mean?

A

It means when the atrium and ventricle contract and release blood.

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18
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles per beat.

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19
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood that is pumped out by the left ventricle per beat.

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20
Q

What is venous return?

A

The volume of blood returning to the heart via veins.

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21
Q

What does Starling’s law say?

A

A greater venous return means a greater diastolic filling of the heart. This means the cardiac muscles are stretched more and so there is a greater force of contraction. This means an increased ejection fraction.

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22
Q

What is heart rate and what is the average resting heart rate?

A

Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. The average resting heart rate is 72 beats per minute.

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23
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles per minute.

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24
Q

What is the equation to work out cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

25
Q

How can you work out your maximum heart rate?

A

220 - your age

26
Q

Who will have the greatest heart rate range?

A

A trained athlete. This is because they will have a lower resting heart rate but they will be able to get their maximum heart rate when exercising even higher.

27
Q

What is anticipatory rise?

A

An increase in heart rate just before exercise because of a release of adrenaline.

28
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

This is when the muscle walls of the heart becomes thicker and stronger. This means a contraction has a greater force and so more blood can be pumped out per beat (stroke volume).

29
Q

What effect would cardiac hypertrophy have on heart rate?

A

Resting heart rate would decrease with cardiac hypertrophy. This is because an athlete could pump more blood out per beat and so the heart would not need to pump as much.

30
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute.

31
Q

What are LDLs?

A

Low density lipoproteins. They can produce fatty deposits which can built up in the arteries.

32
Q

What are HDLs?

A

High density lipoproteins. They transport cholesterol back to the liver where it can be broken down to prevent fatty deposits building up.

33
Q

What is a ischaemic stroke?

A

This is when a blood clot stops supply to the brain.

34
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

This is when the blood vessels that supply the brain with blood bursts.

35
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

This is when deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs and then oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart.

36
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

This is when oxygenated blood is carried from the heart around the body and then deoxygenated blood is carried from around the body back to the heart.

37
Q

What are the characteristics of a vein?

A

They are thin. They have elastic tissue layers. The blood that travels through veins is at a low pressure. They have valves in them which push the flow of blood.

38
Q

Why are the walls of arteries so elasticated?

A

Because they carry blood at the highest pressure.

39
Q

What are the characteristics of capillaries?

A

They are only wide enough to let one red blood cell pass trough at any time. This means the flow of blood is really slowed down.

40
Q

What is the benefit of blood flowing really slowly through capillaries?

A

Diffusion can take place through the exchange of nutrients with the tissues.

41
Q

Define blood pressure.

A

The force exerted by blood against the blood vessel wall.

42
Q

Define systolic pressure. What effect does systolic pressure have on venous return?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting. When systolic pressure increases, venous return increases. When systolic pressure decreases, venous return decreases.

43
Q

Define diastolic pressure.

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing.

44
Q

Define venous return.

A

The return of blood to the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava.

45
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump aid venous return?

A

The skeletal muscle (muscle around the vein) contracts which presses on the vein and causes a pumping effect to pump the blood back to the heart.

46
Q

How does the suction pump aid venous return?

A

The pressure from the heart almost sucks the blood through gravity back to the heart.

47
Q

How does pocket valves aid venous return?

A

They are valves in the blood vessel which open and close. By having them it means the blood can only flow one way and prevents blood from flowing away from the heart.

48
Q

Where is haemoglobin found and what is it?

A

Haemoglobin is found in the red blood cells and it contains iron. It forms with oxygen to form oxyhaemogblobin.

49
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Transports blood cells.

50
Q

How many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry? Give an example of where this would be.

A

Haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules when fully saturated. An example of this could be in the capillaries in the lungs.

51
Q

Where is myoglobin stored?

A

In the muscles.

52
Q

Which has a higher affinity to oxygen: haemoglobin or myoglobin?

A

Myoglobin. This means that the oxygen dissociates from the haemoglobin and moves to the myoglobin the muscles.

53
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism and why do we need it?

A

This is the redistribution of blood around the body. It is needed so that the blood is distributed to the working muscles so that they receive enough oxygen. Oxygen still has to go to the brain but less can go to the intestine, kidney and skeleton.

54
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

This is when blood vessels widen to allow for blood flow into the capillaries.

55
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

This is the narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries.

56
Q

How do pre-capillary sphincters help this?

A

They are at the opening of capillaries. When they contract less blood can flow through into the capillaries (vasoconstriction). When they relax blood can flow through (vasodilation).

57
Q

Why does blood need to be redistributed?

A
  1. so the working muscles have enough oxygen
  2. so waste products can be removed from the muscles like carbon dioxide and lactic acid.
  3. so that blood can get to the skin to regulate body temperature and get rid of too much heat through radiation, evaporation and sweating.
  4. to direct blood to the heart as it always needs oxygen but need even more when exercising.
58
Q

What is arterio-venous difference?

A

Difference in the oxygen content of the blood arriving at the muscles and the oxygen content of the blood leaving the muscles.

59
Q

Can training affect arterio-venous difference?

A

Yes. Training allows athletes to extract more oxygen from the blood.

PE (9 decks)

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