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Microbio > Features, Mnemonics > Flashcards

Features, Mnemonics Flashcards

1
Q

Gram Stain Limitations

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Colors

Trepenoma, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Legionella (mainly intracellular), Rickettsia, Chlamydia

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2
Q

Giemsa Staining

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Ricketssia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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3
Q

PAS

A

Glycogen staining. Whipple Disease

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4
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen (Carbol fuchsin)

A

Acid Fast, Mycobacterium, and weakly Nocardia

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5
Q

Silver Stain

A

Legionella, PCP, H. pylori

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6
Q

Chocolate Agar with Factor V (NAD+) and Factor X (Hematin)

A

H. influenzae

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7
Q

Thayer Martin Media

A

AKA VPN agar. Neisseria

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8
Q

Bordet-Gengou Agar

A

Bordetella pertusis

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9
Q

Tellurite agar

A

Clostridum diptheriae

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10
Q

Loffler medium

A

clostridium diptheriae

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11
Q

Lowenstein Jensen Agar

A

M. TB

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12
Q

Eaton agar

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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13
Q

Lactose fermenters

A

Pink colonies on MacConkey Agar. (Bile salts + crystal

E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia

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14
Q

EMB Agar

A

E. coli, Green metallic sheen

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15
Q

Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar buffered with Iron and Cysteine

A

Legionella

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16
Q

Sabouraud agar

A

Fungus

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17
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Nagging Pest Must Breath

Nocardia, Pseudomonas. Mycobacterium, Bacillus.

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18
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Anaerobes Can’t Breath Air

Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces

Lack catalase or superoxide dismutase. Susceptible to oxidative damage, foul smelling (SCFA), hard to culture, and produce gas in tissue.

Tx: Metronidazole or Clindamycin.

Oral Vanco w/ c. diff

Penicillin G w/ C. perferinges

Normal flora of GI tract. Pathogentic else where.

Aminoglycosides are ineffective, requier O2.

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19
Q

Obligate Intracellulars

A

Really Cold

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella

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20
Q

Facultative Intracellular

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Liver FacultativeLY

Salmonella/Shigella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia

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21
Q

Encapsulated Bacteria

A

SHiNE SKiS

Strept pneumo, H. influenza (B capsule), Neisseria (Meningitis), E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, GBS

Group A Strept: Hyaluronic Acid

B. anthracis Poly D

Capsule + Protein = Conjugate vaccine
HiB (diptheria), S. pneumoniae (kids IgG),

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22
Q

Catalase +

A

Cats N PLACESS

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E. coli, Staph, Serratia

Problems w/ CGD

MPO –> Candida

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23
Q

Encapsulated Vaccines

A

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Prevnar)
(Children)

PPSV Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine w/ conjugation. Pneumovax (Adults)

H. influenzae type B (Conjugate vaccine)
Diptheria conguation

Meningococcal vaccine (conjugate) w/ Type A, C,D.  B
Not B
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24
Q

Urease +ve

A

CHuck norris hates PUNKSS

Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, Staph epi, Staph saprophyticus

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25
Q

Yellow Sulfur Granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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26
Q

Yellow pigment

A

S. aureus

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27
Q

Blue Green

A

Pseudomonas

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28
Q

Red pigment

A

Marcescens

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29
Q

Protein A

A

S. aureus, binds Fc regions. prevents opsonization and phagocytosis.

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30
Q

IgA Protease

A

Strept. pneumo, Neiserria, H. influenzae Type B

Cleaves IgA to colonize respiratory mucosa

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31
Q

M Protein

A

GAS.

Prevents phagocytosis. Causes rheumatic fever.

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32
Q

ADP ribosylation of E2F

A 
Diphetheria Toxin.
Exotoxin A (Pseudo).

Cell death, pharyngitis w/ pseudomembrane neuropathy and myocarditis, arrythmia and heartblock. (diptheria)

Host cell death in pseudomonas

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33
Q

Cleaves adenine off of 60s Ribosome.

A

Shiga toxin and SLT

GI mucosal damage, dysentery, enhances cytokine release, endothelial damage.

HUS

E.coli doesn’t invade, shigella does

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34
Q

Heath Labile Toxin

A

E. coli ETEC

Overactivate AC (increase cAMP). Cause increase secretion of Cl- and H2O. Leading to watery diarrhea

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35
Q

Heat Stabile Toxin

A

E. coli ETEC

Overactivates cGMP.
Causes decreased absorption of Na and h20. causes water diarrhea

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36
Q

Edema Factor

A

Mimics AC. increase cAMP.

Found in B anthracis. and B. pertusis.

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37
Q

Cholera toxin

A

Constitutively stimulates Gs (rather than AC of HLT). Causes massive increase in Cl secretion and H2O. Leads to rice water diarrhea.

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38
Q

Pertussis Toxin

A

Inhibits Gi, leading to increase cAMP.

Imparing phagocytosis and cell recruitment

Lymphocytosis, but not at sight of infection

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39
Q

Tetanospasm

A

Cleaves SNARE in renshaw cells. leading to impaired release of GABA and glycine.

Tetanospasm

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40
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Cleaves SNARE of ACh, leads to flaccid paralysis.

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41
Q

Lecithinase

A

C. perfringens

Cleaves lecithin in cell membranes.

Gas gangrene, myonercrosis, hemolysis (double zone)

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42
Q

Streptolysin O

A

S. pyogenes

Degrades cell membrane.

B hemoylsis, ASO titer ( In rheumatic fever), not PSGN

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43
Q

TSST-1

A

S. aureus Binds MHCII and TCR –> Massive response, IFN-y and IL-2.

Scalded skin syndrome, and food posioning too

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44
Q

Exotoxin A (Strept)

A

Scarlet fever, Toxic shock syndrome, and scarlet fever

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45
Q

Endotoxin

A

Activates Macrophages (IL-1, TNF-a, NO)

Complement (C3a, C5a)

TF –> DIC

ENDOTOXIN
Edema, NO, DIC, Outermembrane, TNF-a, O-antigen, eXtremely heat stabile, IL-1 Neutrophil chemotaxis

46
Q

Specialized Transduction

A 
ABCDE
shigA toxin
Botulinum
Cholrea
Diptheria
Erythrogenic GAS

Excision event of phage

As opposed to packaging event of phage (generalized tranduction)

More like Transpostion w/ a phage

47
Q

Nematode Routes of Infection

A

EAT

SANd

LOW

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascariasis, Toxocara canis (F/O)

Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator (Skin/ground)

Loa Loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti (INsects)

48
Q

Live Vaccines: Cell mediated and Humoral

A

Small pox, yellow fever, chickenpox, sabin polio, MMR, INtranasal flu

49
Q

Killed Vaccines: RIP Always, salK

Only humoral

A

Rhabies, Influenza injection, poloio (salk), HAV

50
Q

Recombinant

A

HBV, HPV

51
Q

DNA viral genomes

A

All but parvo are dsDNA,

All but polyoma, papilloma, and hepadna are liner

52
Q

RNA Viral Genomes

A

i went to a RETRO TOGA party, where i drank FLAVored CORONA and ate HIPPY (hepe) CALIfornia PICkles

All are ssRNA, except reo virus

Most +’ve strand (like mRNA)

53
Q

Naked viral infectivity

A

most dsDNA and +RNA are infective naked

54
Q

Viral Replication

A

DNA: Nucleus, except Pox

RNA: Cytoplasm, except influenza and retro

55
Q

Viral Envelopes: No envelopes

A

PAPP smears and CPR to a naked HEPpy

Papillomavirus, adenovirus, parvovirus, polyomavirus, calcivirus, picronavirus, reovirus, and hepevirus

56
Q

DNA Viruses

A

HHAPPPP viruses: Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Polyoma, papilloma, parvo,

dsDNA: Except Parvo

Linear: except Papilloma, polyoma, hepadna

Icosahedral: except pox

Replicate in nucleus: except Pox (carries own DNA dependent RNA polymerase)

57
Q

Neg strand RNA

A

Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication

Arenavirus, Bunyaviruses, Paramyxo, Orthomyxo, Filo, Rhabdo

58
Q

Segmented

A

BOAR

Bunya, Ortho, Arena, Reo

59
Q

Normal Flora: Skin

A

S. epidermidis

60
Q

Normal Flora: Nose

A

S. epidermidis, S. aureus

61
Q

Normal Flora: Oropharynx

A

Viridians Strept

62
Q

Normal Flora: Dental Plaque

A

S. Mutans

63
Q

Normal Flora: Colon

A

B. fragilis > E. coli

64
Q

Normal Flora: Vagina

A

Lactobacillus,»> E.coli, GBS

65
Q

Food Poisoning: Reheated Rich

A

B. cereus

66
Q

Food Poisoning: Bulging cans/improper cans

A

C. botulinum

67
Q

Food Poisoning: Reheated Meat dishes

A

C. perfringens

68
Q

Food Poisoning: Undercooked meat

A

E. coli O157:H7

69
Q

Food Poisoning: Poulty, meat, eggs

A

Salmonella

70
Q

Food Poisoning: Meats, mayonnaise, custard (preformed)

A

S. aureus

71
Q

Food Poisoning: Seafood

A

V. parahaemolyticus and vulnificus

72
Q

Bloody Diarrhea:

A 
Campylobacter
E. histolytica
EHEC
EIEC
Salmonella
Shigella
Y. enterolitica
73
Q

Watery Diarrhea

A 
C. diff
C. perfringens
ETEC
Protozoa (Cryptosporidium or Giardia)
V. cholera
Virsues (rota or noro)
74
Q

Pneumonia: IV/ETOH users

A

S. pneuoniae, Klebsiella, staph

75
Q

Pneumonia: Aspiration

A

anaerobes

76
Q

Pneumonia: Atypicals

A

Mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia

77
Q

Pneumonia: CF

A

Pseudomonas&raquo_space; S. aureus, S. pneuoniae

78
Q

Pneumonia: IC

A

Staph, enteric gram neg rods, fungi, virus, PCP

79
Q

Pneumonia: Nosocomial

A

Staph, Pseudo, other GNR

80
Q

Pneumonia: Post Viral

A

Staph, Hib, S. pneumo

81
Q

Pneumonia: Neonates

A

GBS > E. coli

82
Q

Pneumonia: Children 4w-18y

A

RSV, Myco, C. trachomatis, C. pneuoniae, S. pneuoniae,

83
Q

Pneumonia: Adults 18-40

A

Myco, C. pneuoniae, S. pneumoniae

84
Q

Pneumonia: Adults 40-60

A

S. pneuoniae, HiB, ANaerobes, Viruses, mycoplasm

85
Q

Pneumonia: Elderly

A

S. pneuoniae, influenza, anaerobes, hib, GNR

86
Q

Meningitis: Newborn 0-6m

A

GBS, E. coli, listeria

87
Q

Meningitis: Children 6m - 6y

A

S. pneumoniae, N. menigitidis, HiB, Enteroviruses

88
Q

Meningitis: 6y-60y

A

S.pneuoniae, N. meningitidis (#1 in teens), enteroviruses, HSV

89
Q

Meningitis: 60y+

A

S. pneumoniae, GNR, Listeria

90
Q

Osteomyelitis: Overall

A

S. aureus

91
Q

Osteomyelitis: Sexually active

A

N. gonorrhea

92
Q

Osteomyelitis: DM/IV

A

Pseudo > serratia

93
Q

Osteomyelitis: Sickle Cell

A

Salmonella

94
Q

Osteomyelitis: Prosthetic joint

A

S. aureus or epidermidis

95
Q

Osteomyelitis: Cat or dog bites

A

Pasteurella multocida

96
Q

Leukocyte esterase test

A

Look for WBC in urine: UTI. + bacterial UTI

97
Q

Nitrite test

A

UTI + GN bacteria

98
Q

UTI Tx:

A

Bactrim, amiopenicillin, FQ

99
Q

Congenital Toxoplasma

A

Maternal: asymptomatic

Child:
Triad: Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calicifications

100
Q

Congenital Rubella

A

Maternal: Rash, lymphadenopathy, arthritis

Child: Triad: PDA (or pulm a. hypoplasia), cataracts, deafness
“Blue berry muffin”

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

101
Q

Congenital CMV

A

Mother: Asymptomatic or Mono like

Child: Unilateral hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash

“blue berrry muffin”

102
Q

Congenital HIV

A

Mother: Variable

Child: Recurrent infections, diarrhea (Chronic)

Prevent with Zidovudine, HAART, C section

103
Q

Congenital HSV-2

A

Mother: Usually Asymptomatic or Lesions

Child: Encephalitis, lesiosn

104
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A

Mother: Chancre, or 2ndary most like to go to baby

Child: Still birth, hydrops fetalis.

Notched teeth, sadle nose, sabrer shins, deafness

105
Q

Vesicular rash on palms and soles. Vesicles and ulcers in oral mucosa

A

Coxsackie virus type A

106
Q

Macular rash over body after several days of high fever (febrile seizures)

A

Roseola (HHV-6)

107
Q

Biginning at head, moving down. Preceding w/ cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and koplik spots

A

Measles

108
Q

Slapped Check rash on face (hydrops fetalis in prengancy)

A

Erythema infectiosum 5th disase

Parvo B19

109
Q

Fine truncal rash starting at head and moving down. Post auricular lymphadenopathy

A

Rubella (toga viruses) German measles

110
Q

Erythematous, sandpaper like rash w/ fever adn pharyngitis

A

Scarlet fever, strept pyogenes

111
Q

Vesicular rash on trunk –> Face and extremities. Lesions of different ages

A

VZV, chicken pox

Microbio (11 decks)

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