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PSYCO 282 Final > Fear and Anxiety Reduction > Flashcards

Fear and Anxiety Reduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is fear caused by?

A

a stimulus that produces unpleasant physiological response (autonomic arousal or anxiety) and cognitive appraisal (evaluating the situation)

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2
Q

Fear is comprised of:

a) operant behaviours (CR)
b) respondent conditioning (CS)
c) both respondent conditioning and operant behaviours

A

c) both respondent conditioning and operant behaviours

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3
Q

in fear and anxiety reduction, what does respondent conditioning produce?

A

conditioned emotional response (CER)

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4
Q

in fear and anxiety reduction, what does operant conditioning produce?

A

avoidance and escape behaviour (negative reinforcement)

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5
Q

What is respondent extinction?

A

presenting CS repeatedly without the US (reduce CER)

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6
Q

in vivo respondent conditioning involves:

a) overt representation of events, object, or people (e.g. picture)
b) real-life events, objects, or people
c) mental representations of events, objects, or people

A

b) real-life events, objects, or people

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7
Q

imaginal respondent conditioning involves:

a) overt representation of events, object, or people (e.g. picture)
b) real-life events, objects, or people
c) mental representations of events, objects, or people

A

c) mental representations of events, objects, or people

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8
Q

symbolic respondent conditioning involves:

a) overt representation of events, object, or people (e.g. picture)
b) real-life events, objects, or people
c) mental representations of events, objects, or people

A

a) overt representation of events, object, or people (e.g. picture)

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9
Q

What is counterconditioning?

A

respondent extinction (present CS without US) + SUBSTITUTING an incompatible behaviour for the CR when the CS is present

i.e. condition a new response (CR) to the CS

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10
Q

who is the “first behaviour therapist” or “the mother of behavioural therapy”?

A

Mary Cover Jones (student of James B. Watson)

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11
Q

explain what procedures were used on the “sequel” to Watson’s experiment on Little Albert.

A

1) respondent extinction –> exposed Peter to rabbits

2) counterconditioning –> eating food associated with the rabbit (instead of conditioned fear response)

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12
Q

what is relaxation?

A

state of calmness with low physiological and psychological arousal and tension
-> progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, attention-focusing exercises and behavioral relaxation training

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13
Q

how long should a relaxation session last?

A

10-30 mins

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14
Q

what is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)?

A

alternately tensing and relaxing different muscle groups while resting

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15
Q

why is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) controversial?

A

1) tensing muscle may not be required

2) audio-recoded or scripts that guide the process may NOT be as EFFECTIVE as in-person training

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16
Q

what is diaphragmic breathing (aka deep breathing)? how is it different from normal breathing?

A

slow and deep breathing; expansion of abdomen instead of chest

17
Q

what is behavioral relxation training?

A

relax each muscle group in body by assuming relaxed postures
-> focus on muscle tension, correct breathing, attention focusin

18
Q

what are 3 attention-focusing exercises?

A

1) guided imagery
2) autogenic training
3) meditation

19
Q

what is guided imagery?

A
  • person imagines pleasant scenes and images

- therapist describes what is experienced by the senses in the situation

20
Q

what is autogenic training?

A
  • person imagines being in a pleasant scene, experiencing SPECIFIC BODILY SENSATIONS
  • more suitable than PMR in people with chronic pain or difficulty in moving
21
Q

how long does a full session of autogenic training, involving all body parts, usually take?

A

35 mins

22
Q

what is meditation?

A

contemplating or focusing attention on one thing to DISSOCIATE from physical state

23
Q

what are the 4 essential components of meditation?

A

1) a quiet, distraction-free location
2) specific, comfortable posture
3) open attitude
4) focus of attention

24
Q

what is behavioural relaxation training?

A

PMR but no tensing of muscles

25
Q

what is systematic desensitization? what are the procedural steps?

A
  • IMAGINED SCENARIOS
  • purpose: reverse a CER
  • procedure: learn relaxation –> develop stimulus hierarchy using SUDS –> therapist describes CS while person remains relaxed
  • i.e. RELAXATION ENHANCES DESENSITIZATION (reciprocal inhibition)
26
Q

what does SUDS stand for? what is it used for?

A
  • Subjective Units of Discomfort Scale (0-100)

- hierarchy of least to most fear inducing CSs

27
Q

what is in vivo desensitization?

A
  • face the CS in reality (NOT IMAGINED SCENARIO)

- same as systematic desensitization but not imagined

28
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

a) In vivo desensitization is more effective than systematic desensitization
b) systematic desensitization is more effective than in vivo desensitization

A

FALSE = b) systematic > in vivo

TRUE = a) in vivo > systematic

29
Q

what is flooding (aka response prevention)?

A
  • exposure to highly feared CS for a PROLONGED period of time
  • prevents escape and avoidance behaviour
  • NO relaxation
30
Q

True or False: flooding should only be carried out by a professional

A

TRUE

31
Q

What is modeling in terms of fear and anxiety reduction?

A
  • phobic person watches someone else performing a feared behaviour
  • desensitize fears
32
Q

what are 3 types of modeling in exposure therapy? define them

A

1) participant modeling - person first observes and then joins; use verbal and physical guidance prompts
2) videotaped modeling - person watches a video of someone
3) computer-aided vicarious exposure - play video game on screen

33
Q

what is VR (virtual reality) exposure?

A

using VR to present a controlled, simulated experience as part of exposure therapy

34
Q

what respondent behaviour results from fear?

A

autonomic nervous system arousal

35
Q

what are fear and anxiety-reduction procedures based on?

A

principles of operant and respondent conditioning

36
Q

what is a phobia?

A

fear in which level of anxiety or escape and avoidance behavior is severe enough to disrupt persons life

37
Q

what is contact desensitization?

A

type of in vivo that provides reassuring physical contact as client progresses through hierarchy

PSYCO 282 Final (9 decks)

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