Fear and Anxiety Reduction Flashcards
What is fear caused by?
a stimulus that produces unpleasant physiological response (autonomic arousal or anxiety) and cognitive appraisal (evaluating the situation)
Fear is comprised of:
a) operant behaviours (CR)
b) respondent conditioning (CS)
c) both respondent conditioning and operant behaviours
c) both respondent conditioning and operant behaviours
in fear and anxiety reduction, what does respondent conditioning produce?
conditioned emotional response (CER)
in fear and anxiety reduction, what does operant conditioning produce?
avoidance and escape behaviour (negative reinforcement)
What is respondent extinction?
presenting CS repeatedly without the US (reduce CER)
in vivo respondent conditioning involves:
a) overt representation of events, object, or people (e.g. picture)
b) real-life events, objects, or people
c) mental representations of events, objects, or people
b) real-life events, objects, or people
imaginal respondent conditioning involves:
a) overt representation of events, object, or people (e.g. picture)
b) real-life events, objects, or people
c) mental representations of events, objects, or people
c) mental representations of events, objects, or people
symbolic respondent conditioning involves:
a) overt representation of events, object, or people (e.g. picture)
b) real-life events, objects, or people
c) mental representations of events, objects, or people
a) overt representation of events, object, or people (e.g. picture)
What is counterconditioning?
respondent extinction (present CS without US) + SUBSTITUTING an incompatible behaviour for the CR when the CS is present
i.e. condition a new response (CR) to the CS
who is the “first behaviour therapist” or “the mother of behavioural therapy”?
Mary Cover Jones (student of James B. Watson)
explain what procedures were used on the “sequel” to Watson’s experiment on Little Albert.
1) respondent extinction –> exposed Peter to rabbits
2) counterconditioning –> eating food associated with the rabbit (instead of conditioned fear response)
what is relaxation?
state of calmness with low physiological and psychological arousal and tension
-> progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, attention-focusing exercises and behavioral relaxation training
how long should a relaxation session last?
10-30 mins
what is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)?
alternately tensing and relaxing different muscle groups while resting
why is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) controversial?
1) tensing muscle may not be required
2) audio-recoded or scripts that guide the process may NOT be as EFFECTIVE as in-person training
what is diaphragmic breathing (aka deep breathing)? how is it different from normal breathing?
slow and deep breathing; expansion of abdomen instead of chest
what is behavioral relxation training?
relax each muscle group in body by assuming relaxed postures
-> focus on muscle tension, correct breathing, attention focusin
what are 3 attention-focusing exercises?
1) guided imagery
2) autogenic training
3) meditation
what is guided imagery?
- person imagines pleasant scenes and images
- therapist describes what is experienced by the senses in the situation
what is autogenic training?
- person imagines being in a pleasant scene, experiencing SPECIFIC BODILY SENSATIONS
- more suitable than PMR in people with chronic pain or difficulty in moving
how long does a full session of autogenic training, involving all body parts, usually take?
35 mins
what is meditation?
contemplating or focusing attention on one thing to DISSOCIATE from physical state
what are the 4 essential components of meditation?
1) a quiet, distraction-free location
2) specific, comfortable posture
3) open attitude
4) focus of attention
what is behavioural relaxation training?
PMR but no tensing of muscles
