Applying Punishment Flashcards by Monique Yuan

extinction vs. negative punishment

extinction - THE reinforcer that was supporting the behaviour is no longer given

negative punishment - A reinforcer is removed or withdrawn (not necessarily the one reinforcing the behaviour)

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what are used after punishment procedures?

functional interventions- extinction, differential reinforcement, antecedent interventions

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time out

person is removed from access to reinforcers (no longer earning reinforcers)
- removing child from room or part of the room where the positive reinforcers are available

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response cost

specified amount of a reinforcer contingent on occurrence of problem behavior is taken away from the person
- neg punishment
- law enforcement
- money commonly used

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extinction vs time out vs response cost results in [rapid OR gradual] decrease in response rate/frequency?

extinction - gradual decrease in response frequency

time out - rapid decrease in response rate

response cost - rapid decrease in response rate

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what are the 2 types of negative punishment?

time out and response cost

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child throws tantrum which is socially reinforced by parent’s attention. what would the negative punishment be? what would the extinction procedure entail?

negative punishment - parent makes them go to a “time-out” zone OR takes away one of their toys (when they throw a tantrum)

extinction - parents ignore child when they throw tantrum

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what is time out from positive reinforcement?

lose access to positive reinforcers when problem behaviour occurs

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what is non-exclusionary time out?

after undesirable behaviour, person remains in the SAME LOCATION WITHOUT BEING DISRUPTIVE, but LOSES access to REINFORCERS

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what is contingent observation in terms of non-exclusionary time out?

contingent observation - person must watch others receive reinforcers, while they do not have access to the reinforcers

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what is exclusionary time out?

after undesirable behaviour, person is taken to a DIFFERENT LOCATION (can be in same room) and LOSES access to REINFORCERS

note: they are NOT ALONE

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what happens when time-out without DR or NCR procedure is used?

net loss in reinforcement and problem behavior could be more likely to reemerge after treatment

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what is disciplinary segregation?

breaking rules in prison results in solitary confinement (exclusionary time out)

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what is isolation time out?

person is removed from environment with access to reinforcers and placed in a DIFFERENT LOCATION ALONE

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What are time-out rooms (in terms of isolation time-out)? What are some other names for them?

time out rooms can be used to maintain safety by preventing the individual from causing physical harm; they are used to CALM A PERSON DOWN

aka: quiet room, seclusion room, cool-down room, calming room

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True or False: time out rooms should be the first course of action when a child produces ad undesirable behaviour

FALSE - time out rooms should be a last resort

true or false: time out rooms can be used for punishment in the public education system

FALSE - time out rooms “cannot be used as punishment”

what are the basic guidelines for a time out room?

well-lit, ventilated, unlocked, free of harmful objects, audio or video monitored

what is release contingency (aka contingent delay) in terms of time out?

release from time out is contingent on STOPPING the undesirable behaviour

How does positive punishment counteract the Premack Principle?

premack principle - reinforce a target behaviour with a highly probable (and desirable) behaviour/activity

Positive punishment - person engages in an aversive behaviour/activity in order to decrease an undesirable behaviour

is overcorrection a form of positive or negative punishment?

overcorrection is a form of positive punishment

what is overcorrection?

person has to PERFORM EFFORTFUL, LOW-PROBABILITY BEHAVIOURS contingent on the problem behaviour

What is restitution?

after problem behaviour, person must CORRECT THE EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM BEHAVIOUR (to a condition BETTER than the environment was in before)
- uses physical guidance
- client overcorrects the environmental effects of problem behavior

what is contingent exercise?

positive punishment; must exercise contingent on problem behaviour
- aversive activity involves physical exercise unrelated to problem behavior

what is guided compliance?

contingent on a problem behaviour, person is physically guided to complete a requested behavior (like physical guidance prompt) - used as pos punishment bc aversive stimulus is applied after problem behavior - negatively reinforces compliance with requested activity bc aversive stimulus is removed after compliance begins

what is a physical restraint

after a problem behaviour, the behaviour analyst restrains the part of the person's body that performed the problem behaviour - punisher or reinforcer

what is response blocking?

behaviour analyst/change agent physically prevents person from carrying out problem behaviour - can be used with brief restraint

what is response redirection (aka response interruption)?

response blocking + differential reinforcement

True or False: response redirection is used to treat socially reinforced behaviours

FALSE - response redirection is used to treat AUTOMATICALLY reinforced behaviours

True or False: electric shocks can be used to decrease SIBs

TRUE - electric shocks can act as an aversive stimulus in positive punishment to decrease SIBs

In what order should the following interventions be considered when trying to decrease a problem behaviour? ``` negative punishment negative reinforcement positive punishment extinction antecedent control / positive reinforcement / differential reinforcement ```

1. antecedent control / positive reinforcement / differential reinforcement 2. negative reinforcement 3. extinction 4. negative punishment 5. positive punishment note: reinforcement > punishment

classify the following as positive or negative punishment: ``` overcorrection physical restraint time out response redirection/interruption response cost contingent exercise restitution guided compliance response blocking positive practice electric shock reprimands ```

positive punishment: overcorrection, physical restraint, response redirection, contingent exercise, restitution, guided compliance, response blocking, positive practice, electric shock, reprimands negative punishment: time out, response cost

what is positive practice?

after problem behaviour, person must perform an OPPOSITE or APPROPRIATE behaviour REPEATEDLY

time-in environment

environment where the problem behavior occurs - positive reinforcement or interaction for time-out to be effective

when is time-out not appropriate to use with problem behaviors?

when problem behaviors are maintained by neg reinforcement or sensory stimulation (automatic reinforcement)

when is time-out practical?

when change agent can implement the procedure successfully and the physical enviro is conducive to use

a problem behavior decreasing is contingent on?

application of aversive activities - consequence in pos punishment procedure in which contingent on undesirable behavior, client is required to engage in aversive activity to decrease undesirable

what are some considerations in using positive punishment?

- use functional intervention first to decrease problem behavior and increase acceptable alternative behaviors - implement differential reinforcement with punishment (DRA with punishment) - consider the function of problem behavior - choose aversive stimulus with care - collect data to make treatment decisions - address ethical considerations in the use of punishment

what are punishment procedures often called?

restrictive procedures