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Medical Imaging- Nicole Calvin > Fauber Chapter 1-5 Review Questions > Flashcards

Fauber Chapter 1-5 Review Questions Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

In what year were X-rays discovered?

A

1895

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2
Q

In what year were some of the biologically damaging effects of x-rays discovered?

A

1898

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3
Q

X-rays were discovered in experiments dealing with electricity and _________?

A

Vacuum tubes

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4
Q

X-rays were discovered when they caused a barium platinocynaide-coated plate to ____________?

A

Fluoresce

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5
Q

X-radiation is classified in which spectrum?

A

Electromagnetic

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6
Q

X-rays have a dual nature, which means that they behave like both _______ and ________?

A

Waves and Particles

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7
Q

The wavelength and frequency of x-rays are ________ related?

A

Inversely

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8
Q

X-rays have _______ electrical charge

A

NO and or Neutral

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9
Q

X-rays have no ________?

A

Mass

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10
Q

The X-ray beam used in diagnostic radiography can be described as being________?

A

Polyenergetic

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11
Q

The unit that measures the transfer of radiation energy into tissue is known as the _________?

A

Gray

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12
Q

Which of the following will minimize radiation exposure to the patient?

a. beam restriction
b. gonadal shielding
c. screening for pregnancy
d. All of the above

A

All of the Above

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13
Q

Which x-ray tube component serves as a source of electrons for x-ray production?

A

Filament

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14
Q

Electrons interact with the________ to produce x-rays and heat.

A

Target

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15
Q

The cloud of electrons that forms before x-ray production is refereed to as?

A

Space Charge

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16
Q

The burning or boiling off of electrons at the cathode is referred to as ________?

A

Thermionic emission

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17
Q

Which primary exposure factor influences both the quantity and the quality of x-ray photons?

A

KVP

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18
Q

The unit used to express tube current is?

A

mA

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19
Q

What percentage of the kinetic energy is converted to heat when moving electrons strike the anode target?

A

99%

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20
Q

The intensity of the x-ray beam is greater on the _______?

A

Cathode side of the tube

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21
Q

According to the line-focus principle, as the target angle decreases, the _________

A

Effective focal spot size decreases

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22
Q

_______ extends x-ray tube life.

A

Warming up the tube after 2 h of non-use

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23
Q

Which type of target interaction is responsible for most of the x-rays in the diagnostic beam

A

Bremsstrahlung Interactions

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24
Q

Increasing the kVp results in _______?

A

More x-rays and higher energy

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25
Q

Total filtration in the x-ray beam includes

A

inherent filtration and added filtration

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26
Q

The process whereby a radiographic image is created by variations in absorption and transmission of the exiting x-ray beam is known as?

A

Differential absorption

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27
Q

Which of the following processes occur during the x-ray beam interactions with tissue

A

Absorption
Photon Transmission
Scattering

28
Q

The ability of an x-ray photon to remove an atoms electron is a characteristic known as?

A

Ionization

29
Q

The x-ray interaction responsible for scattering is

A

Compton

30
Q

Remnant radiation is composed of which of the following?

A

Transmitted

Scattered

31
Q

What interactions causes unwanted exposure to the image, known as fog?

A

Compton

32
Q

Which of the following factors would affect beam attenuation?

A

Tissue atomic number

Beam quality

33
Q

The high brightness areas on a radiographic image are created by_______?

A

absorbed radiation

34
Q

An atomic part that transmits the incoming x-ray photon would create an area of _______ on the radiographic image

A

Low brightness

35
Q

True or False:

The process of creating a radiographic image by differential absorption varies for film- screen and digital imaging

A

False

36
Q

Which attribute of a radiographic image affect the visibility of sharpness?

A

Contrast and brightness

37
Q

A radiographic image with many shades of gray but few differences among them is said to have?

A

Low Contrast

38
Q

Which of the following is defined as the range of exposure intensities that an image receptor can accurately detect?

A

Dynamic Range

39
Q

Which of the following would improve digital image quality

A

Large matrix and increase pixel density

40
Q

The type of image receptor that uses a photostimulable phosphor to acquire the latent image is __________

A

Computed radiography (CT)

41
Q

Which of the following is used to extract the latent image from an imaging plate

A

Laser Beam

42
Q

Which of the following will improve the quality of the digital image

A

Increased sampling frequency and decreased sampling pitch

43
Q

Which of the following would improve the quality of the digital image for a given field of view (FOV)

A

A fixed matrix size and small imaging plate

44
Q

What is the process of assigning a numerical value to represent a brightness value?

A

Quantization

45
Q

Which of the following pixel bit depths would display a greater range of shades of gray is represent anatomic tissues

A

16 bit

46
Q

Digital imaging system have a wide dynamic range

A

True

47
Q

A lower signal to noise ratio improves the quality of digital image

A

False

48
Q

Which of the following is a measurement of the efficiency of an image receptor in converting the x-ray exposure it receives to a quality radiographic

A

DQE

49
Q

Which of the following is defined as a graphic representation of the pixel values

A

Histogram

50
Q

What process is employed to maintain consistent digital image brightness for overexposure or under?

A

Automatic rescaling

51
Q

Which of the following is NOT a numerical value indicating the level of radiation exposure to a digital image receptor?

a. sensitivity number
b. exposure indicator
c. window level
d. exposure index

A

Window level

52
Q

What digital process alters image brightness and grayscale to improve the visibility of anatomic structures

A

lookup tables

53
Q

What type of monitor passes light through liquid crystals to display a digital image

A

LCD

54
Q

True of False:

Maintaining a low level of ambient lighting can improve soft-copy viewing of digital images

A

True

55
Q

Display monitors used for soft-copy viewing of digital images should have _________?

A

High Luminance

56
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function during post-processing of a displayed digital image

A

Automatic rescaling

57
Q

A wider window width

A

Decreases contrast

58
Q

What is the communication standard for information sharing between PACS and imaging modalities

A

DICOM

59
Q

Which of the following is the latent image center for radiographic film

A

Sensitivity speck

60
Q

Which of the following describes a film’s sensitivity to x-rays light

A

Speed

61
Q

Intensifying screens are used to

A

Decrease patient exposure

62
Q

The ability to emit light only when stimulated by x-rays is known as

A

Fluorescence

63
Q

What term is defined as a measure of the amount of light transmitted through the film

A

Optical density

64
Q

Change in radiation exposure have the greatest effect on optical densities in which sensitometric region?

A

Straight-line

65
Q

Why is silver recovery necessary during film processing?

A

it is a natural resource
it is toxic to the environment
it has monetary value

66
Q

When the exposure technique used produces densities outside the straight-line portion of a sensitometic curve, how was contrast affected?

A

Decreased

Medical Imaging- Nicole Calvin (9 decks)

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