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Medical Imaging- Nicole Calvin > Chapter 1 & 2 (X-Ray Tube) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 (X-Ray Tube) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The target of an x-ray tube is made of what metal?

A

Tungsten

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2
Q

Why is an x-ray tube immersed in oil?

A

Insulation

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3
Q

What causes most x-ray failures

A

Excessive heat

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4
Q

What types of primary radiation is produced when the x-ray tube is below 70?

A

Bremsstrahlung

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5
Q

What type of motor drives the rotating anode?

A

Induction

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6
Q

Which part of the x-ray tube has the filament wires and focusing cup

A

Cathode

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7
Q

As kilovoltage is applied, the electrons are accelerated toward which part of the x-ray tube?

A

Anode

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8
Q

Which kVp and mAs combination produce the least load on an x-ray tube?

A

High kVp and low mAs

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9
Q

What is required of a metal target in an x-ray tube?

A

1) Ability to conduct heat
2) High atomic number
3) High melting point

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10
Q

What increases the penetrating power of the x-ray tube?

A

kilovoltage

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11
Q

What is the area of the x-ray target called that is stuck by electrons?

A

Actual focal spot

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12
Q

When electrons strike the target of an x-ray tube, most of their energy is converted to what?

A

Heat

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13
Q

What is the negative terminal x-ray tube?

A

Cathode

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14
Q

What are the x-ray tubes called that have 2 filament wires?

A

Dual focus tubes

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15
Q

How many kilovolts is equal to 75,000 volts?

A

75kV

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16
Q

The formula, mA x kVp x time(s) is for what?

A

Finding heat units

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17
Q

The small crater in the target of a used anode of an x-ray tube are known as what?

A

Pitting

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18
Q

What is used to focus the electron stream toward the target of the anode?

A

Focusing cup

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19
Q

Electrons travel in an x-ray tube from _____ to _____

A

Cathode, anode

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20
Q

Which of the following is filtration that is manufactured into the x-ray tube

A

Inherent Filtration

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21
Q

What determines the quantity of the electrons that will be accelerated across the x-ray tube?

A

Heating of the filament

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22
Q

During thermoniac emission a cloud of electrons surround the filament. What is the electron cloud called?

A

Space Charge

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23
Q

If used properly, will an x-ray tube last forever?

A

No, the filament wire will break

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24
Q

How fast do high speed anode rotate?

A

10,000 RPM

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25
Q

What causes the pitting of the x-ray tube target?

A

Moderate overloading of the tube

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26
Q

According to the line focus principle, the effective focal spot is______than the actual focal spot

A

Smaller

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27
Q

As an x-ray tube gets older, what happens to the temperature of the filament?

A

Increases

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28
Q

What would Not be found on the control panel?

A

Rotor button

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29
Q

As electrons are accelerated across the x-ray tube, they are referred to as what?

A

Tube current

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the anode in an x-ray tube

A

Decelerates electrons

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31
Q

What is the purpose of a window in an x-ray tube?

A

For the emission of x-ray

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32
Q

What effect will increase the kVp have on the production of an x-ray

A

Their energy will increase

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33
Q

When will a space charge be present in the x-ray tube

A

Whenever the rotor engaged

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34
Q

What is NOT needed to produce x-rays?

A

Rotating anode

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35
Q

What is the definition of off focus radiation?

A

Photons that are not produced at the focal spot

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36
Q

Why is an x-ray tube made of Pyrex glass?

A

To better withstand heat

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37
Q

When electrons strike the anode of an x-ray tube, how much of their energy is converted to x-rays?

A

Less than 1%

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38
Q

Which parts make up the cathode end of the x-ray tube?

A

Filament and focusing cup

39
Q

In a modern, rotating anode x-ray tube, what coats the tungsten disk?

A

Tungsten rhenium alloy

40
Q

During an exposure, what electrical charge is placed on the anode?

A

Positive

41
Q

What is the process of “boiling off” electrons called?

A

Thermionic Emission

42
Q

The filament wires in radiographic tubes are made from what metal?

A

Tungsten

43
Q

Which is not related to the other?

1) Rotor
2) Target
3) Filament
4) Tungsten Disk

A

Filament

44
Q

In what unit is filament current measured

A

Amperage

45
Q

Which is the smallest?

1) Actual focal spot
2) Effective focal spot
3) Target

A

Effective Focal Spot

46
Q

Why is the x-ray tube encased in a lead housing?

A

Prevent leakage radiation

47
Q

The instantaneous production of light resulting from the interaction of some type of energy and some element or compound is__________

A

Fluorescence

48
Q

Radiation that has both electrical and magnetic properties is __________

A

Electromagnetic radiation

49
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work and it can exist in different form, such as electrical energy, kinetic energy, thermal energy and electromagnetic energy.

50
Q

Electrical energy applied to an x-ray tube is transferred into ______ and ________

A

Heat, X-ray

51
Q

Represents the number of waves passing a given point per given unit of time

A

Frequency

52
Q

Represents the distance between two successive crests or troughs

A

Wavelength

53
Q

Is a small, discrete bundle of energy

A

Photon

54
Q

The quantity of exposure is expressed as________?

A

Roentgens

55
Q

What is air karma?

A

Is the amount of energy deposited in a unit mass of air and expressed in units of gray (Gy)

56
Q

What is the conversion factor for rads to gray?

A

1 Gray is = to 100 rads

57
Q

The x-ray beam used in diagnostic radiography can be described as being________?

A

Polyenergetic

58
Q

Rotating Anode

A

Anode

59
Q

Stator

A

Anode

60
Q

Focusing Cup

A

Cathode

61
Q

Tungsten Filament

A

Cathode

62
Q

Rotor

A

Anode

63
Q

What is Thermionic Emission?

A

Refers to the boiling off of electrons from the filament

64
Q

The physical area of the rotating anode is known as the _______?

A

Focal Track

65
Q

The majority of energy produced in the target in x=ray production is termed______________?

A

Bremsstrahlung Radiation and or is heat

66
Q

The components of the x-ray tube are encased in a ___________?

A

Glass or Metal envelope

67
Q

Refers to any x-rays, other than the primary beam, that escape the tube housing

A

Leakage Radiation

68
Q

What is the leakage allowed when the tube is operating at maximum capacity?

A

No more than 100mR/hr to escape when measured at a distant of 1m from the source while the tube operates a maximum output

69
Q

What is the composition of the rotating anode?

A

Tungsten

70
Q

As kVp increases, beam penetration will ________ in quantity?

A

Increase

71
Q

As kVp decreases, beam penetration will__________?

A

Decrease

72
Q

The speed of the electrons traveling across the tube from the cathode to the anode side will_____ as the kVp is increased.

A

Increase

73
Q

Tube current or the quantity of x-rays emitted from the x-ray tube is called_______

A

Milliamperage

74
Q

Higher mA results in ______ electrons moving in the tube current from the cathode to the anode side of the tube

A

More

75
Q

Milliamperage does not affect the_______

A

Quality of energy of the x-rays produced

76
Q

If mA is increased the number of photons is directly______

A

proportional to this quantity of electrons

77
Q

What is exposure time?

A

Determines the length of time over which the x-ray tube produces x-rays

78
Q

mAs is defined as?

A

Milliamperage is multiplied by exposure of time, the results is known as mA’s

79
Q

Amount of electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode and the quantity of x-rays produced are _______ to mA’s.

A

Directly proportional

80
Q

Refers to the size of an area on the anode target that is exposed to electrons from the tube current. It depends on the size of the filament producing the electrons stream.

A

Actual focal spot

81
Q

Refers to focal spot size as measured directly under the anode target.

A

Effective focal spot

82
Q

Occurs because of the angle of the target. Effect describes how the x-ray beam has greater intensity on the cathode side of the tube but a lower intensity toward the anode side.

A

Anode heel effect

83
Q

Describes the filtration that is added to the port of the x-ray tube

A

Added filtration

84
Q

Refers to the filtration that is permanently in the path of the x-ray beam

A

Inherent filtration

85
Q

In the x-ray beam is the sum of the added and inherent filtration

A

Total filtration

86
Q

Can be added to the primary beam to alter its intensity. These types of filters are used to image anatomic area that are non-uniform.

A

Compensating filter

87
Q

The most common type of compensating filter. The thicker part of the wedge filter is lined up with the thinner portion of the anatomic part being imaged, allowing fewer x-ray photons to reach the end of the part

A

Wedge filter

88
Q

Performs a function similar to a wedge filter, however it is differently designed.

A

Trough filter

89
Q

Occur when a projectile electron completely avoids the orbital electrons of a tungsten atom and travel very close to its nucleus. The very strong electrostatic force of the nucleus causes the electron to suddenly “slow down.” As the electron loses energy, it suddenly changes it’s direction and the energy loss then reappears as an x-ray photon.

A

Bremsstrahlung interactions

90
Q

Are produced when a projectile electron interacts with an electron from the inner shell (K-shell) of a tungsten atom.

A

Characteristic interactions

91
Q

Properties of X-rays are:

A 
invisible
neutral charge
no mass
travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
cannot be optically focused 
form a polyenergetic or heterogenous beam
can be produced in a range of energies
travel in a straight line
92
Q

continuous properties of x-rays are:

A

can cause some substance to fluoresce
cause chemical changes to occur in radiographic and photographic film
can penetrate the human body
can be absorbed or scattered by tissue in human body
can produce secondary radiation
can cause chemical and biologic damage to living tissue

93
Q

X-rays as energy

A

a form of electromagnetic radiation
behaves both like waves and particles
move in waves that have wavelength and frequency
inversely related
behave like particles and move as photons

Medical Imaging- Nicole Calvin (9 decks)

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