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Nutr 337 > Fat, Carb, Fiber, Water and Micronutrient Requirements during Adulthood > Flashcards

Fat, Carb, Fiber, Water and Micronutrient Requirements during Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

calcium RDA

A

1000 mg/d in both males and females 12-50

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2
Q

calcium based on

A

data showing increase in bone mineral density in women with 1000 mg/d

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3
Q

phosphorus occurs as

A

PO4

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4
Q

phosphorus needs

A

PL, nucleotides, nucleic acid

  • buffers acid or alkali
  • maintain pH
  • temporary storage and transfer of energy from metabolic fuels
  • phosphorylation
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5
Q

where is 85% of PO4 found

A

in bone

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6
Q

EAR for phosphorus men and women above 19

A

580 mg/day

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7
Q

RDA for phosphorus men and women above 19

A

700 mg/day

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8
Q

RDA for magnesium for men

A

men 19-30= 400 mg/d

men above 30 = 420 mg/d

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9
Q

RDA for magnesium for women

A

19-30 = 310 mg/day

above 30 - 320 mg/d

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10
Q

2/3 of iron is in

A

Hb

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11
Q

15 % of iron is in

A

myoglobin

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12
Q

bioavailability of iron for children >1 year, adolescents, non-prep adults on a typical diet

A

18%

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13
Q

iron EAR for iron for men

A

6 mg/d all ages

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14
Q

iron EAR for women

A

8.1 mg/day before menopause

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15
Q

iron EAR for women after menopause

A

5 mg/d

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16
Q

iron RDA for men

A

8 mg/day

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17
Q

iron RDA for women before menopause

A

18 mg/day

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18
Q

iron. RDA for women after menopause ( 50)

A

8 mg/d ( same as RDA for men)

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19
Q

EAR of iron is complicated bc

A

based on need to maintain a normal, functional Fe concentration while only a minimal store of serum ferritin of 15 microgram/L)

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20
Q

potassium intake of AI is important bc

A

lower PB
blunt elevated BP relating to salt
reduce kidney stone risk
reduce bone loss

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21
Q

AI for potassium

A

4.7 g/d

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22
Q

does AI for K increase in activity

A

no stays at 4.7 g/d ( remember that this is g and not mg like in the case of iron, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium

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23
Q

AI for sodium

A

1.5 g/d Na

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24
Q

1.5 g/d of Na is equal to how much salt

A

3.8 g

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25
Q

UL for salt in sedentary adults

A

2.3 d/g Na, 5.8 g salt

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26
Q

is there a Ul for Na in active adults?

A

NO! must be due to salt excretion

- there AI also increases to >1.5 g/d ( which depends upon salt loss, but could actually be as high as 10 g/d)

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27
Q

why is sulfur important

A

in a.a’s

in essential components ( glutathione)

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28
Q

how do we get sulfur

A

s-containing aa form protein

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29
Q

AI for sulfur

A

there is currently no intake requirements estabilshed

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30
Q

thiamin (B1)

A

coenzyme in the metabolism of CHO and branched aa

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31
Q

req of thiamin is based on

A

need to achieve and maintain transkelotase activity in RBC, without excess thiamin excretion

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32
Q

role of thiamine in CHO metabolism ?

A

TPP ( a derivative of thiamine) which is needed in PPP, (for transketolase activity in the PPP), to turn pyruvate into acetyl-coA, in the TCA cylcle and to turn branched chain keto acids into branched chain acyl-CoA

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33
Q

what is the rationale for the slight adjustment req in men vs women

A

using less energy and smaller size

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34
Q

thiamin RDA men

A

1.2 mg/d

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35
Q

thiamin RDA for women

A

1.1 mg/d

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36
Q

deficiency of thiamine

A

called beriberi, signs of def only occur with extreme deficency. it affects the heart and circulatory system ( RBC, no regeneration of NADPH from PPP bc no TPP)

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37
Q

how do we assess thiamine status?

A

with RBC transkeloase activity, the concentration of thiamin and the concentration of phosphorylated thiamine esters in the blood, urinary thiamin excretion under basal conditions and after thiamine overload ( high excretion after loading means that the status in adequate)

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38
Q

median intake of thiamine in the US /d

A

is 2 mg/d which is adequate seeing as the RDA is 1.2 mg/d men and 1.1 mg/d women

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39
Q

Riboflavin (B2) function

A

a coenzyme in various oxi-redo reactions - energy production

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40
Q

req of riboflavin is based on

A
  1. RBC glutathione reductase activity (glutathione reductase catalyzed the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH))
  2. RBC concentration of riboflavin
  3. urinary riboflavin excretion
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41
Q

where is riboflavin needed?

A

in glutathione reductase activity (FAD)

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42
Q

EAR of riboflavin derived from

A

signs of deficency, biochemical values, urinary excretion

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43
Q

RDA for men (riboflavin)

A

1.3 mg/d

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44
Q

RDA riboflavin for women

A

1.1 mg/d

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45
Q

median intake of riboflavin in US

A

2 mg/d ( we are getting enough on average)

46
Q

Niacin (B3) function

A

coenzyme for Hydride ion (H-) transfer by dehydrogenase enzymes, which remove one of more hydrogens from a substrate to an acceptor molecule. niacin may act as a donor or an acceptor for a hydride ion- this is a very common need in many oxi-reduco reactions (fuel oxidation, FA and steroid synth, intracellular respiration )

47
Q

primary criteria for setting niacin requirment

A

urinary excretion- bc excess is methylated in the liver and then sent to be excreted

48
Q

how is requirement for niacin expressed

A 
niacin equivalents (NEs)
- conversion of trypotphan may occur ( wide variation )
49
Q

is there an adjustment made for niacin bioavailability

A

no

50
Q

a deficiency is what may decrease the conversion ration of tryptophan to niacin?

A

iron, riboflavin, pyridoxine

51
Q

RDA for niacin

A

16 mg/d men / 14 mg/d women ( there is a higher coefficent of variation (15%)) due to variation in conversion of tryptophan to niacin) - median intake is 41 mg/d

52
Q

B6 (pyridoxine) function

A

coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acid, glycogen and shingoloid bases (in the brain)

53
Q

primary criterion to estimate RDA of B6 ( pyridoxine)

A

maintenance of adequate blood 5’pyridoxal phosphate levels

54
Q

RDA for both men and women for B6 (pyridoxine)

A

1.3 mg/day

55
Q

folate (B9) function

A

coenzyme in single-carbon transfers in the metabolism of nucleic and amino acids

56
Q

primary criteria for folate RDA estimates

A

RBC folate, blood homocysteine concentrations and folate concentrations

57
Q

why do we hav DFEs?

A

dietary folate equivalents (DFEs) which adjust for 50% lower bioavailability of food folate vs folic acid

58
Q

1 microgram of DFE is equal to ?

A

1 ug of food folate

  1. 6 ug of folic acid
  2. 5 ug of supplementation on empty stomach
59
Q

RDA of DFE for both men and women

A

400 ug/day ( folate in men now has role in reproductive health)

60
Q

cobalamin (b12) function

A

coenzyme for methyl transfers ( homocysteine to methionine and methylmalonyl-coA to succinylcholine -CoA)

61
Q

RDA of b12 based on

A

maintenance of hematological stats and normal b12 blood values

62
Q

RDA for men and women B12

A

2.4 ug/d

63
Q

biotin (B7) function

A

coenzyme in bicarbonate -dependent carboxylation rxns

64
Q

AI for biotin ( B7)

A

30 ug/day mean and women

65
Q

Choline function

A

precursor for acetylcholine, PhL, and the methyl donor betaine

66
Q

criteria for RDA for choline

A

prevention of liver damage as assessed by serum alanine aminotrasferase levels

67
Q

serum alanine aminotransferase is used to detect?

A

liver damage and set the RDA estimate for choline

68
Q

deficiency of choline leads to

A

muscle damage and abnormal fat deposits in the liver–> NAFLD, this is bc VLDL require phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) to get packaged and leave the liver

69
Q

choline in the diet

A

free choline or bound as esters

70
Q

can the body make choline?

A

yes the demand is modified by methyl-exchange relationships between choline, methionine and folate and B12 –> de nova is not sufiencent

71
Q

AI for choline ( men and women slightly different)

A

550 mg/d day and from this they extrapolated for women to be 425 mg/d

the only data supporting this is that in men this amount prevents aminotransferase abnormalities –> based on one single study!!! need more info on this

72
Q

Pantothenic acid (B5) function

A

component of coenzyme A and phosphopantetheine ( FA metabolism )

73
Q

B5 deficiency

A

rare - only in case of semisynthetic diets or antagonist of the vitamin

74
Q

criterion for B5 AI

A

adequate intake to replace urinary excretion, basically no evidence suggesting the the current intake of 4-7 mg/d is inadequate so they say the AI is 5 mg/d

75
Q

AI of B5

A

5mg/d

76
Q

Vitamin C

A

antioxidant, cofactor for enzyme in the biosynthesis of collagen, carnitine and neurotransmitters

77
Q

RDA of vitamin C based on

A

intake to maintain near -maximal neutrophil concentration and minimal urinary excretion of ascorbate

78
Q

RDA of vitamin C men

A

90 mg/d

79
Q

RDA vitamin c women

A

75 mg/d

80
Q

Vitamin A function

A

gene expression, growth, eyes, reproduction, immune function

81
Q

preformed vs proformed vitamin A

A

preformed is animal derived and preformed is plant derived

82
Q

EAR of vitamin A based on

A

dietary amount to maintain given body-pool size in well nourished subjects - to ensure adequate pool incase increased needs ( stress, low intake)

83
Q

EAR and RDA for men RAE

A

EAR 625 ug/d RDA 900 ug/d

84
Q

EAR and RDa for RAE for women

A

500 ug/d and 700 ug/d

85
Q

1 ug of retinol or 1 ug of RAE is equivalent to what amounts of proformed vitamin A??

A

12 ug b-carotene, 24 a-carotene and 24 b-crytoxanthin

86
Q

Vitamin D function

A

calcium and PO4 increase absorption in the small intestine, anti-proliferent and pro-differiation effects ( may halt tumor growth)
- some individuals with less sunlight are more prone to certain tumors

87
Q

major physiologically relevant forms of vitamin D

A

D2 ( ergocalciferol; yeast and plants sterols)
D3 ( cholecalciferol from 7- dehydrocholesterol)
- found naturally in very little foods, but synthesized in the skin

88
Q

evidence suggests that blood concentrations of _____ nmol/L is considered adequate for bone and overall health status

A

50 nmol/L

89
Q

RDA for vitamin D men and women over 19

A

600 IU

90
Q

RDA for vit D after 70

A

800 IU

91
Q

Vitamin E function

A

unknown metabolic function; antioxidant, stops propagation of lipid peroxide

92
Q

RDA for vit E based on

A

induced deficiency caused a correlation in H2O2 erythrocyte lysis
- RDA is determined by the level of tocopherol that protects RBC against hemolysis caused by hydrogen peroxide

93
Q

how many major forms of vit E, name them

A

4; a-tocopherol (trimethyl), b-tocopherol (dimethyl), y-tocopherol (dimethyl but in different positions) and g-tocopherol (monomethyl)

94
Q

are the forms interconvertible in humans?

A

no

95
Q

describe the structure of tocopherols

A

a substituted hydroxylated ring system (chromanol ring) with a long, saturated ( phytol) she chain–> RRR stereochemistry is present in the side chain in nature, due to the presence of the methyl group on the same right side of the moleucle

96
Q

difference between tocopherols and toctrienols

A

tocopherols have a saturated phytol chain whereas the tocotrienes are unsaturated

97
Q

how many possible stereoisomers of tocopherols?

A

3 asymmetric carbons –> so 2^3 = 8 , these are not treats equally in the human body ! the activity of a synthetic racemic inure is less than the same number of molecules consumed from food

98
Q

vitamin E supplement derived from “natural sources of vitamin E” is??

A

RRR-a- tocopherol

99
Q

DRI definition limited to @R stereoisomeric forms, meaning?

A

RRR, RSR, RRS, RSS-a tocopherol

- mean the first carbon has to be in the R position ( this is carbon #2)

100
Q

All rac-a-tocopherol supplements contain?

A

1/2 the activity of RRR a-tocopherols or 1/2 the activity of other 2R forms
– so in appling this, since the RDA is 15 mg/d of a-tocopherol, one would have to consume 30 mg/d of all rac-a-tocopherol supplements ( bc supplemts are assumed to half equal amounts of all possible stereoisomers)

101
Q

plasma vitamin E concentration is dependent on

A

the affinity of hepatic a-tocopherol transfer protein (a-TTP)

102
Q

highest affinity with hepatic a-TTP in which stereoisomer?

A

RRR, which is maintained in the human plasma, the synthetic forms SRR are efficiently absorbed but not well packaged into lipoproteins bc poor affinity to TTP

103
Q

which stereoisomers fail to bind to TTP and cannot be included in the requiremtn

A

2S ( S in position 1, carbon #2) and tocotrienols and other tocopherols ( B, Y, g)

104
Q

do the other tocopherols (B, y, g ) bind with a-TTP?

A

no, so they cannot be considered in the requirement

105
Q

EAR and RDA and AI for vitamin E apply only to ?

A

2R-stereoisomers, however most nutrient data bases and nutrition labels no distinction

106
Q

RDA for men and women

A

15 mg/day of a-tocopherols

107
Q

Vitamin K function

A

coenzyme during synthesis of biologically active form of a number of proteins involved in blood coagualation and bone metabolism

108
Q

AI for vitamin K based on

A

healthy individuals intake

120 ug/day men and 90 ug/day women

109
Q

major form of vitamin K in the diet

A

phylloquinone

110
Q

what are menaquinone?

A

form of vitamin K that are produced by bacteria in the lower bowel

111
Q

AI for vitamin K

A

120 ug/day for men and 90 ug/day women and pregnant women

Nutr 337 (10 decks)

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