famines Flashcards
why were peasants put under pressure?
to produce more for urban dwellers who had no time to grow own food
where was more food distributed away from?
peasant communities
what years hit peasants hardest on famines and shortages of food?
1855-1964
what policy added to problem of food shortages and contributed to famines
exporting grain, esp under witte and stalin
what year did famine under A3 happen?
what were the causes?
what was the consequences?
1891
- adverse weather, panic selling of grain surpluses to counter impact of a new consumer goods tax
- food shortages, peasants sold surpluses to gain extra income to cover tax increase, 350K+ died
what famine happened under N2 + prov govt?
what was the causes?
what was the consequences?
1914-18
disruption to trade and transport during WW1, treat of Brest-Litovki
food shortages, treaty signed over valuable grain-producing areas in Ukraine
what year did famine take place under Lenin?
causes?
consequences?
1921
bed winters and droughts, disruption to transport due to civil war, lenin reluctant to deal with crisis or accept American aid
5mil+ died
what year did famine take place under Stalin?
causes?
consequences?
1932-34
repression placed on Ukraine who resisted collectivisation, high grain requisitioning goals set- left ppl no grain to eat, man made famine, death penalty implemented for those who kept grain- even if they’d produced the grain themselves as they were ‘stealing it’ when it ‘didn’t belong to them’
8mil starved to death in Ukraine, breadbasket of Europe baso destroyed, obedient Russians were dispatched to repopulate village and farm the land in accordance with collectivisation
when did food production start increasing again?
what fell during the late 1930s?
-1935, but start of WW2 was still less than pre ww1 levels
consumption of meat and fish fallen by 80%
what happened when collectivisation was relaxed?
did this last?
removal of Priv land restrictions encouraged a rise in food production
no- another famine hit 1947
did food shortages and poor harvests continue under khrushchev?
yes, despite virgin land scheme and improvements to state pricing, food still had to be imported
what was overall summary of famines?
adherence to collectivisation led to inefficiency and insufficiency
