FAMILY: demography Flashcards
What was the UK population in 1801 compared to 2007?
1801: 10.5 million
2007: 61 million
Until the 1980s what was the main reason for the UK population growth?
Natural changes e.g. more births than deaths
After the 1980s what were the main reasons for population growth?
More immigration than emigration. (net migration)
How many children does the average UK woman have?
1.89
How many children does the average non-UK woman have living in the UK?
2.28
How many babies were born in 2004 & 2011?
2004: 716,000 babies born
2011: 808,000 babies born
What was the average fertility rate for a UK woman in 1964?
2.95
What trend is occurring in the fertility rate of UK and non-UK mothers today?
The fertility rate for UK mothers is increasing but declining for non-UK mothers
When did the UK experience dips in the birth rate?
- During both world wars
- Introduction of the contraceptive pill
- Legalisation of abortion
3 reasons for a declining birth rate
1) Recession- the cost of children
2) Women choosing not have children
3) Women have children later therefore they have less
Why might there have been an increase in the birth rates in 2002?
The UK border opened up to the European Union.
Non-UK women have a higher birth rate.
How might the position of women changing over the 20th century alter the birth rate?
(3 points)
1) Women have more control of if/when they have children due to more contraception & abortion.
2) Increased educational opportunities for women mean that the majority no longer simply strive for the goal of having a family.
3) Women no longer feel obliged to have children/ a family.
Define the birth rate
the number of live births per thousand of population per year
Define infant mortality rate
the number of deaths of children before their first birthday per 1000 live births.
What was the IMR in 2013?
4.5 per 1000 births
Give 4 reasons for the falling IMR
1) Improved housing e.g. running water & flushing toilets
2) Better knowledge of nutrition for mother & baby
3) Improved services for mother & baby e.g. midwifery
4) Mass immunisation e.g. MMR jab
How might children have become an economic liability?
Previously children could be an economic asset however today they cannot be sent to work.
Childcentredness mean that people have less children as children today require a greater amount of money and attention.
Changing in norms mean that children now expect material possessions from parents. This is reinforced by media.
What effect has the falling fertility rate had on family size?
Smaller families=women more able to work resulting in more dual earner families.
evaluation of this point = better off families can afford childcare and can therefore have more children.
What effect will the falling fertility rate have on the dependency ratio?
Will create a ‘burden of dependency’. This is when there is not enough working population to support the growing, ageing dependent population.
Define dependency ratio
the relationship between the amount of working population that must support the dependent (non working) population.
e.g. pensioners and benefits claimants
3 impacts on public services of falling birth rate
- Fewer schools
- Smaller & less homes being built
- Companies can give higher rates of maternity pay as overall women have less time off
When did the death rate begin to fall?
1870 until 1930
In 2013 what did the British health survey uncover about life expectancy?
In wealthier areas boys are expected to live to 97 years & girls to 103 years.
In poorer areas life expectancy is 72.5 years old.
What did Tranter conclude about the fall of the death rate between 1850-1970?
It has been due to the fall in deaths from infectious diseases.
For example typhoid, TB & cholera.
