FAMILY: demography

Question 1

What was the UK population in 1801 compared to 2007?

Answer 1

1801: 10.5 million
2007: 61 million

Question 2

Until the 1980s what was the main reason for the UK population growth?

Answer 2

Natural changes e.g. more births than deaths

Question 3

After the 1980s what were the main reasons for population growth?

Answer 3

More immigration than emigration. (net migration)

Question 4

How many children does the average UK woman have?

Answer 4

1.89

Question 5

How many children does the average non-UK woman have living in the UK?

Answer 5

2.28

Question 6

How many babies were born in 2004 & 2011?

Answer 6

2004: 716,000 babies born
2011: 808,000 babies born

Question 7

What was the average fertility rate for a UK woman in 1964?

Answer 7

2.95

Question 8

What trend is occurring in the fertility rate of UK and non-UK mothers today?

Answer 8

The fertility rate for UK mothers is increasing but declining for non-UK mothers

Question 9

When did the UK experience dips in the birth rate?

Answer 9

• During both world wars
• Introduction of the contraceptive pill
• Legalisation of abortion

Question 10

3 reasons for a declining birth rate

Answer 10

1) Recession- the cost of children
2) Women choosing not have children
3) Women have children later therefore they have less

Question 11

Why might there have been an increase in the birth rates in 2002?

Answer 11

The UK border opened up to the European Union.

Non-UK women have a higher birth rate.

Question 12

How might the position of women changing over the 20th century alter the birth rate?
(3 points)

Answer 12

1) Women have more control of if/when they have children due to more contraception & abortion.
2) Increased educational opportunities for women mean that the majority no longer simply strive for the goal of having a family.
3) Women no longer feel obliged to have children/ a family.

Question 13

Define the birth rate

Answer 13

the number of live births per thousand of population per year

Question 14

Define infant mortality rate

Answer 14

the number of deaths of children before their first birthday per 1000 live births.

Question 15

What was the IMR in 2013?

Answer 15

4.5 per 1000 births

Question 16

Give 4 reasons for the falling IMR

Answer 16

1) Improved housing e.g. running water & flushing toilets
2) Better knowledge of nutrition for mother & baby
3) Improved services for mother & baby e.g. midwifery
4) Mass immunisation e.g. MMR jab

Question 17

How might children have become an economic liability?

Answer 17

Previously children could be an economic asset however today they cannot be sent to work.
Childcentredness mean that people have less children as children today require a greater amount of money and attention.
Changing in norms mean that children now expect material possessions from parents. This is reinforced by media.

Question 18

What effect has the falling fertility rate had on family size?

Answer 18

Smaller families=women more able to work resulting in more dual earner families.
evaluation of this point = better off families can afford childcare and can therefore have more children.

Question 19

What effect will the falling fertility rate have on the dependency ratio?

Answer 19

Will create a ‘burden of dependency’. This is when there is not enough working population to support the growing, ageing dependent population.

Question 20

Define dependency ratio

Answer 20

the relationship between the amount of working population that must support the dependent (non working) population.
e.g. pensioners and benefits claimants

Question 21

3 impacts on public services of falling birth rate

Answer 21

• Fewer schools
• Smaller & less homes being built
• Companies can give higher rates of maternity pay as overall women have less time off

Question 22

When did the death rate begin to fall?

Answer 22

1870 until 1930

Question 23

In 2013 what did the British health survey uncover about life expectancy?

Answer 23

In wealthier areas boys are expected to live to 97 years & girls to 103 years.
In poorer areas life expectancy is 72.5 years old.

Question 24

What did Tranter conclude about the fall of the death rate between 1850-1970?

Answer 24

It has been due to the fall in deaths from infectious diseases.
For example typhoid, TB & cholera.

Question 25

What did McKeown onclude about the fall of the death rate?

Answer 25

Improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates.
We have a greater knowledge of healthy eating and more access to fresh food.

Question 26

How might medical improvements helped the death rate fall?

Answer 26

Introduction of antibiotics
Widespread immunisation
Blood transfusions
Improvements in midwifery

Question 27

When was the NHS introduced?

Who would have mostly benefited from this?

Answer 27

1948

The poor

Question 28

How has improvements in housing helped the death rate fall?

Answer 28

Running water - hardly any water born disease
Better ventilation - less breathing problems and illness

evaluative point: for poorer people housing today is still poor.

Question 29

Give an example of a law introduced to protect people’s health?

Answer 29

2006 - smoking banned in public places

Question 30

Give 2 social changes that have impacted the death rate

Answer 30

Decline in dangerous manual occupations e.g. mining

Question 31

What was the life expectancy in the UK in 1900?

Answer 31

Males: 50 years
Females: 57 years

Question 32

Identify 3 reasons why manual workers have higher death rates than professionals

Answer 32

1) Physical risks
2) More likely to drink & smoke
3) Payed less

Question 33

What has Hirsch concluded about the ageing population?

Answer 33

The traditional age population pyramids are being replaced by almost equal sized blocks.

Question 34

Why would the falling IMR reduce the birth rate?

Answer 34

less insurance babies

Question 35

How has ageing being seen as a problem socially constructed?

Answer 35

Society’s attitude towards the elderly is often that they are a strain and problem for society.

Question 36

What is meant my ‘net-migration’?

Answer 36

the difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time, divided per 1,000 inhabitants

Question 37

Between 1945-1990 who was the largest immigrant group in the UK?

Answer 37

Irish

Question 38

In the 1950s which immigrant group significantly increased?

Answer 38

Caribbean

Question 39

In the 1960s/70s which immigrant group significantly increased?

Answer 39

South Asians/East Africans

Question 40

In 2004 what was the net-migration?

Answer 40

223,000 people