Families and households: Demography Flashcards
birth rate
amount of births per thousand of the population per year
what is the overall trend of birhts in the uk
They have decreased
baby boom
in what period of time did birth rate increase
just after the world war 1 and 2 happened
reasons for decline in birth rate
changes in womens positions
Nowadays, there have been many changes in womens positions like:
- legal equality with men (right to vote)
- more women in paid employment
- increased educational opportunities (girls do better in school than boys)
- easier access to divorce
- access to abortion and reliable contraception
reason for long term fall in birth
Harper
Harper believes that women have a changed mindset which have resulted in the decline of birth rate. many women delay having a child due to an increase in job opportunities
what is an infant mortality rate
the number of infants per thousand who die before their 1st birthday each year
improved health, hospitals etc
What is another reason to the fall in IMR
can be used as a develop part of paragraph
- improved housing and sanitation like drinking clean water which has reduced infectious disease
- better nutrition
- better knowledge on hygeine
- improved services for mothers and children e.g. antenatal and postnatal clinics
decline in infant mortality rate
Harper believes that the reason to why there was a decline in IMF is due to the fact that more infants nowadays are living past their first birthdays and parents wont have to replace them by having more children.
Children are now an economic liability
Laws being introduced in order to end child labour and in turn making children stay in compulsory education has caused children to be more dependent on their parents as they can no longer earn a living for themselves at a young age as you could in the 19th century. this cause parents to have less children as it holds less financial pressure on them to provide for their kids
dependency ratio
dependency ratio is the size between non working and the dependent part of the population. it is found that children take up most of the dependent part of the ratio so people may have fewer children in order to decrease the burden of dependency.
could be used as a development part in paragraph
two evaluations of having less children to reduce the burden of dependency
- if people are having fewer children then fewer people will be in the workforce and thus increasing the burden of dependency
- covid cause an increase in birth rate
death rate
number of deaths per thousand per year
reason for a decline in death rate
improved nutrition
McKeown argues that death rates have reduced by a half due to improved nutrition.
better nutrition has increased resistance to infection and it has increased survival rates.
a type of tax
An example of how improved nutrition is shown in society today
sugar tax was introduced in the uk. this makes people more resistant to buy drinks which have lots of sugar in it and lean towards more “healthier” drinks with less sugar in it.
medical improvements
in the early 1900’s medical knowledge was limited and technology was also which led to an increase in deaths within these decades as they didnt know the proper ways to deal with medical problems whereas now there have been many technological advancements in the medical field in which we can access medicines like antibiotics, have access to blood transfusions and we also saw an improvement in maternity services.
what else have we seen an improve on in the medical world that has improved death rates
- drug rehabilitation is better
- cleaner supplies (hospitals properly sanatise equipment)
- covid increased the use of hand sanitisers and masks
smoking and diet
Harper believes that the decrease in death rates is due to the reduction of people smoking. however he also believes that obesity has replaced the smoking epidemic.
what laws have been put in place for smoking/vaping etc
- there have been laws put in place where you cant smoke in a public area or in a car with a child in it
- vaping laws have banned mnthol filters in order to make it less advertised and to make it less appealing for young kids from buying them and also to have less smoke related deaths
laws introduced to reduce death rates
public health measures
in the 20th centruy the government enforced stricter laws and regulations in order to reduce the death rates and improve the quality of the environment. this includes:
- improvement in housing and accomidation (better housing, less damp)
- purer drinking water
- clean air act to reduce air pollution - road tax
ageism
discrimination based on your age
consequence of increasing the ageing population
increase in 1 person pensioner household
