families Flashcards
1
Q
what is a social construct?
A
- an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society
2
Q
what are less people getting married?
A
- people don’t value it as much
- its expensive
- secularisation
- equal pay act (women earn more money)
3
Q
what is secularisation?
A
- moving away from a religious society
4
Q
why has people getting divorced gone up?
A
- divorce act (1969)- women able to file divorces
- secularisation- Catholics hate divorce now there’s less care on this
- less social stigma
5
Q
why has the number of children people are having gone down?
A
- cost more
- gender roles changed
- more common to have children later
6
Q
what does it mean being deviant?
A
- the act of going against the social norms e.g. drugs, crime
7
Q
what was the divorce reform act (1969)?
A
- included inevitable breakdowns
- no longer had to prove adultery
8
Q
what did (Mitchell & Goody, 1997) say about divorce?
A
- decline in social stigma towards divorce
9
Q
what did Allan & Crow 2001 say about marriage?
A
- people feel they can leave a marriage if It no longer fulfils their needs
10
Q
in 2013 how many women had jobs, what does this cause?
A
- 67%
- more divorces- less dependent on the men
- less children- change of roles
11
Q
what is a nuclear family?
A
- a couple and their dependant children regarded as a basic social unit
12
Q
what is an extended family?
A
- a family group that consists of parents, children, and other relatives, often living in close proximity
13
Q
what is a beanpole family?
A
- there are many different generations within the family but they have few siblings in each generations
14
Q
what is a single parent family?
A
- a single parent looking after the child
15
Q
what is a reconstituted family?
A
- the joining of two adults via marriage, who have children form previous relationship
16
Q
what is a same sex marriage?
A
- same sex couples living together with children
17
Q
what are singletons?
A
- someone who lives alone
18
Q
what is the most common family type in the UK today and what is the percentage?
A
- nuclear
- 25% live as one today
19
Q
what did Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) say about families/
A
- family types are diverse in the UK
- nuclear is not the norm
- increase diversity of family structures shows greater freedom and acceptance
20
Q
what did Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) say types of diversity include?
A
- organisational
- social class
- cultural
- generational
- life stage
21
Q
what did Charles (2003) say about extended families?
A
“all but extinct” in modern British society, except for Bangladeshi families
22
Q
according to Brannen (2003) what has caused a rise in beanpole families?
A
- ageing population
23
Q
what’s happened to the number of lone parent families?
A
- gone up
- increase in divorce and separation
24
Q
why have lone parent families gone up?
A
- introduction of Divorce Act (1969)
- decline in stigma attached to births outside marriage
- many women decide to be single by choice
25
what did Jean Renvoize (1985) say about lone parent families?
- found that professional women were able to support their child without a father
26
what is a positive view on lone parent families?
- tend to raise well adjusted children
27
what did Cashmore (1985) say about lone parent families?
- one good parent is better than two bad ones
28
what is a negative view on a lone parent family?
- single parents are more likely to be on benefits/welfare
29
how did Chester (1985) challenge the Rapoport studies?
- said nuclear family is still the typical family in modern society
30
what is a neo conventional family?
- a duel earner family in which both spouses go out to work
31
who argues we've moved towards a neo-conventional family?
- Chester
32
who says the nuclear family remains the ideal?
- Chester
33
what are general reasons for diversity?
- secularisation
| - liberalisation
34
why has secularisation caused more diversity?
- more people are atheist/agnostic rather than Christian
| - Christianity promotes marriage and opposes divorce and sexuality
35
why has liberalism caused more diversity?
- people are less traditional
| - less stigma attached to being gay, divorced, cohabiting
36
why has the number of lone parent families increased?
- increase in separation and divorce
- decline in marriages
- people are opting for creative singlehood
37
what is creative singlehood?
the deliberate choice to be single
38
in 2013 how many households out of 10 were one person families?
- 3/10
39
why has the number of cohabiting families increased?
- decline in social stigma
40
in 2015nhow many people argued pre-maritage sex was okay?
- 62%
41
why has same sex families increased?
- less social stigma
- more accepted
- Civil partnership act (2004)
42
what are key influences on UK population?
- natural change
| - Net migration
43
what was the death rate in 1900?
- 19
44
what was the death rate in 2016?
- 9.1
45
what was male life expectancy in 1900?
- 50
46
what was the male life expectancy in 2016?
- 90.7
47
what are problems of an ageing population?
- increases the dependency ratio
- puts a stain on the NHS and pension system
- shortage of new houses
48
what is the dependency ratio?
- ratio of people working/ not working
49
what are causes for death rate decrease?
- ageing population
- NHS formed in 1949
- advanced medicine
- policies e.g. tax on cigarettes
- advanced technology
- improved diets
- less hazardous jobs
- welfare state
50
what are causes for the decline in birth rate in last 100 years?
- abortion (1976)
- contraceptive pill (1960s)
- low infant mortality rate
- secularisation
- women more career driven
- rising costs of children
- more educated women
51
what is the nanny state?
- due to changing demographics, governments trying to control health, population with laws and regulations
52
what's an example of a Nanny Sate law?
- sugar tax
53
what is the sugar tax(2018)?
- a sugary drink tax is a tax/supercharge designed to reduce consumption of drinks with added sugar
54
what do supporters say about the Nanny state?
- it helps people help themselves
55
what do critics say about the Nanny Sate?
- the government is to controlling, calling this 'nanny'
56
what is net migration?
- the difference between immigration and emigration
57
what was immigration in 1991 and then 2018?
- 1991= 320,000
| - 2018= 590,000
58
what are impacts of migration?
- population size
- age structures
- the dependency ratio
59
in 2001 what was the ethnic diversity in the UK?
91% white
| 9% other ethic group
60
in 2011 what was the ethnic diversity in the UK?
86% white
| 14% other ethnic group
61
whys it argued that black families have a higher rate of single parent?
- due to higher unemployment and poverty among black men
62
what does Mirza(1997) say about black women and single parents?
- they place higher value on independence
| - therefore marriage doesn't suit them
63
what does Bullard say why Asian families have a higher rate of extended families?
- provide support for recent migration
64
what is globalisation?
- ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social and political spheres of society
65
in what way are we connected to other countries?
- technology
- trade
- culture
66
what are advantages of globalisation
- improves connectivity
| - improves diversity of cultures
67
between 2000-2013 what has migration increased by?
- 33%
68
what creates super diversity according to Vertovec (2007)?
- wide range of cultures, countries, religions etc to countries like the UK
69
what is functionalism?
- everything in society has a positive function
- society is like a biological organism, all parts are - connected and serve a function
- form value consensus
70
what did Murdock say the 4 main function of the family were?
| functionalism
- educational
- economic
- reproductive
- sexual
71
what did Murdock say that the family ha the most important function in a what?
- a harmonious society
72
what did Murdock see as the ideal family?
- nuclear
- male= breadwinner (instrumental)
- female= expressive role
73
what is a criticism of Murdock about the nuclear family?
- 'rose tinted' view of the nuclear family
| - many single parents/same sex are happy/successful
74
how does feminism criticise Murdock?
- traditional gender roles benefit men more than women, ignores domestic violence
75
what did Parsons(1955) say the two main family types were?
| functionalism
- extended families
| - nuclear families
76
what is Parsons functional fit theory?
- families play different functions depending on the society they're in
77
what did Parsons say the 2 main functions of the family is?
- primary socialisation
| - stabilising adult personalities (relax/release tension)
78
how did Young & Willmott criticise Parsons?
- pre industrial families were mostly nuclear- grandparents often did not live very long
79
how do Marxists criticise Murdock?
- family serves a capitalist economy, not the family themselves
80
what is New Right?
- more traditional/old school values
- nuclear is better
- male= instrumental
- female= expressive
81
who does New Right agree with?
- functionalists like Murdock
82
what does New Right believe has caused many problems in society?
- decline in nuclear family
- increase in single parents
- increase in mothers working
- increase in divorce/cohabiting
83
what does Murray say exists?
- an underclass- unemployment on benefits, single parents etc
84
what does Murray believe people should do to create a better society?
- work, marry, pay taxes and socialise their children properly
85
what is value consensus?
- shared norms and values to form a harmonious society
86
what's the Marxist view on the family?
- before capitalist system emerged there was no family structure
- everyone shared the labour community
- called a 'classless society'
87
what is Marxism against?
- capitalism
88
who are the Bourgeoisie?
- own the means of production and exploit the lower (working class)
89
who are the Proletariat?
- the working class, exploited and controlled by the Bourgeoisie
90
what do Marxists believe the solution is?
- proletariat must rise up together and overthrow the Bourgeoisie
- society can be equal, shared by everyone (communism)
91
what do Marxists believe a capitalist society allow for?
- capitalism to flourish and prevent the proletariat from rising up
- stops women from having any power
92
for Marxists what are the 3 negative function of the family under capitalism?
- inheritance of wealth
- ideological functions (children trained to be obedient)
- units of consumption
93
what is the Postmodernist view on the family?
- no longer a single ideal family
| - individuals have greater freedom to choose when to marry, who to marry and whether to have kids
94
what does Stacey (1996)?
- no longer dominant structure and diversity has led to increasing equality between sexes and fluidity in family types
95
what is the zombie family?
- the family appears to be alive but in reality its dead
| - its unstable
96
what is a pure relationship?
- when individuals decide to carry on maintaining their relationship because it meets their emotional and sexual needs
97
who argues family is like a zombie family?
- Beck, 1992
| - Postmodernists
98
what does Judith Stacey say about the family?
- its chaotic
- constantly changing
- no set structure that's regarded as ideal
99
what's the evaluation of post modernists view on the family?
- not everyone has choice
- customs and traditions are still important
- most families remain traditional
100
what does the personal life perspective believe on the family?
- interactionalist approach
| - ignores what's special about blood and marriage families
101
what does Wagg (1992) say about childhood?
- "childhood is .. what members of particular societies, at particular times and in particular places, say it is"
102
what was childhood like in the pre-industrial society (pre 18th C)?
- children were like "little adults", same work and play as adults
- punished for crimes like adults
103
what did Aries (1960) say about childhood in the pre industrial society?
- "the idea of childhood did not exist"
104
what was childhood like in the industrial society?
- schools introduced
- by 17thC, children's clothes introduced
- by 18thC, parenting handbook introduced
105
what was childhood like in the 19thC?
- W/C children still working in mines/factories
| - M/C attitudes started changing, parents invest emotionally as infant mortality falls
106
what was childhood like in the modern society (20thC)?
- emergence of 'child centred society', valued, loved and protected
- improved standard of living, decline In infant mortality
- increased contraception=fewer children, more investment in them
107
what does Pilcher (1995) believe about a child centred society?
- modern childhood is 'separateness'
- children educated and protected, through laws
- own toys, food,clothes etc
108
what are reasons for the change in the position of children?`
- laws restricting child labour
- child protection and welfare legislations
- lower infant mortality rate
109
why has a lower infant mortality rate changed the position of children?
- less children
| - more investment in the fewer children
110
what are examples of child protection and welfare legislation?
- 1889 prevention of cruelty to children Act
| - 1989 children Act - welfare of children is fundamental principle
111
what are the 3 ways in which Benedict (1934) argues that children in simpler, non industrial societies are treated differently?
- take responsibility at an early age
- less value is placed on children showing obedience to adult authority
- their sexual behaviour is often viewed differently
112
more than 2/3 of the worlds children:
- live in poverty
- live on the streets
- don't go to school
- at risk of disease
113
what 3 ways do adults protect their children?
- limit what they watch online
- curfews
- hide them from violence
114
what does Aries and Shorter argue todays children are more?
- "valued, better cared for, protected and educated, enjoy better health and have more rights"
115
what is the estimated cost of a child by the time they're 21?
- £227,000
116
what does Palmer (2007) say that childhood is?
- 'toxic childhood'
117
what is a 'toxic childhood' according to Palmer (2007)?
- modern technology has damaged children
118
why else has childhood become toxic in British youth?
- British youth have high rates of obesity, self harm, drug/alcohol abuse, violence etc
119
what do some conflict sociologists believe about control over children?
- that adults have to much control over children
120
who are child liberationists?
- people who want children to have more freedom
121
why do people agree with the male instrumental role and female expressive role?
- its natural and suits our biological differences, it is mutually beneficial
122
what is Young and Willmot's march of progress view?
- moving away from separated roles to joint, towards the symmetrical family
123
what is the symmetrical family?
- roles of husbands and wives are getting more similar:
- women can now work
- men help with housework
124
whys there a recent change towards symmetrical families?
- changing roles of women
- higher standards of living
- new technology - dishwasher etc
125
what does Bolt (1957) say the types of conjugal roles are?
- segregated conjugal roles
| - joint conjugal roles
126
what is segregated conjugal roles?
- couple has separate roles, male is breadwinner, female= homemaker
- leisure time often separated
127
what is joint conjugal roles?
- couple shares household tasks and children
| - leisure time often spent together
128
what did Oakley say about joint conjugal roles?
- men say they help more than they do
129
what percentage of husbands say they have they have high participation in housework?
- 15%
130
how did Young and Willmott criticise joint conjugal roles?
- men interviewed said they 'helped' but could just be cooking breakfast once a week
131
what do feminists believe about the division of labour?
- women working hasn't led to equality in domestic labour
132
what is the dual burden?
- women are now working and doing more of the unpaid domestic labour in the house
133
what does Hochschild (2013) argue about division of labour?
- women take the triple burden
| - they work, more domestic work, emotional work
134
why did the unemployed men Morris studied do little housework?
- they felt their masculinity was threatened by being unemployed, housework would further emasculate them
135
according to Man-Yee Kan what makes a difference to how much housework a women does?
- every £10,000 increase in their income reduces their weekly housework time by nearly 2 hours
136
what is a power relationship?
- one where the division of power is uneven between a person and/or groups
137
what is power?
- who has the ability to control others
138
how is power in families seen?
- traditional family roles
- male= instrumental
- female= expressive
139
what did feminists argue the traditional patterns of relationships result in?
- women take responsibility for repetitive domestic work
| - men taking on more powerful & interesting roles
140
what were roles within the family like in 1950s?
- Parsons instrumental role and female expressive role
141
what were the roles within the family like in the 1960s-1970s?
- research in division of labour within the family
- Young and Willmott (1973) families becoming more symmetrical
- Oakley (1974) women hold the duel burden
142
what were the roles within the family like between the 1980s-1990s?
- reveals women still take responsibility for more domestic work despite working more, less power
143
what is confluent love?
- idea of being completely open with each other within a relationship, high degree of intimacy as a result
144
what is pure relationships?
- based on internal trust rather than rules form outside such as marriage vows
