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families Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a social construct?

A
  • an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society
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2
Q

what are less people getting married?

A
  • people don’t value it as much
  • its expensive
  • secularisation
  • equal pay act (women earn more money)
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3
Q

what is secularisation?

A
  • moving away from a religious society
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4
Q

why has people getting divorced gone up?

A
  • divorce act (1969)- women able to file divorces
  • secularisation- Catholics hate divorce now there’s less care on this
  • less social stigma
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5
Q

why has the number of children people are having gone down?

A
  • cost more
  • gender roles changed
  • more common to have children later
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6
Q

what does it mean being deviant?

A
  • the act of going against the social norms e.g. drugs, crime
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7
Q

what was the divorce reform act (1969)?

A
  • included inevitable breakdowns

- no longer had to prove adultery

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8
Q

what did (Mitchell & Goody, 1997) say about divorce?

A
  • decline in social stigma towards divorce
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9
Q

what did Allan & Crow 2001 say about marriage?

A
  • people feel they can leave a marriage if It no longer fulfils their needs
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10
Q

in 2013 how many women had jobs, what does this cause?

A
  • 67%
  • more divorces- less dependent on the men
  • less children- change of roles
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11
Q

what is a nuclear family?

A
  • a couple and their dependant children regarded as a basic social unit
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12
Q

what is an extended family?

A
  • a family group that consists of parents, children, and other relatives, often living in close proximity
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13
Q

what is a beanpole family?

A
  • there are many different generations within the family but they have few siblings in each generations
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14
Q

what is a single parent family?

A
  • a single parent looking after the child
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15
Q

what is a reconstituted family?

A
  • the joining of two adults via marriage, who have children form previous relationship
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16
Q

what is a same sex marriage?

A
  • same sex couples living together with children
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17
Q

what are singletons?

A
  • someone who lives alone
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18
Q

what is the most common family type in the UK today and what is the percentage?

A
  • nuclear

- 25% live as one today

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19
Q

what did Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) say about families/

A
  • family types are diverse in the UK
  • nuclear is not the norm
  • increase diversity of family structures shows greater freedom and acceptance
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20
Q

what did Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) say types of diversity include?

A
  • organisational
  • social class
  • cultural
  • generational
  • life stage
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21
Q

what did Charles (2003) say about extended families?

A

“all but extinct” in modern British society, except for Bangladeshi families

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22
Q

according to Brannen (2003) what has caused a rise in beanpole families?

A
  • ageing population
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23
Q

what’s happened to the number of lone parent families?

A
  • gone up

- increase in divorce and separation

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24
Q

why have lone parent families gone up?

A
  • introduction of Divorce Act (1969)
  • decline in stigma attached to births outside marriage
  • many women decide to be single by choice
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25
Q

what did Jean Renvoize (1985) say about lone parent families?

A
  • found that professional women were able to support their child without a father
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26
Q

what is a positive view on lone parent families?

A
  • tend to raise well adjusted children
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27
Q

what did Cashmore (1985) say about lone parent families?

A
  • one good parent is better than two bad ones
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28
Q

what is a negative view on a lone parent family?

A
  • single parents are more likely to be on benefits/welfare
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29
Q

how did Chester (1985) challenge the Rapoport studies?

A
  • said nuclear family is still the typical family in modern society
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30
Q

what is a neo conventional family?

A
  • a duel earner family in which both spouses go out to work
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31
Q

who argues we’ve moved towards a neo-conventional family?

A
  • Chester
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32
Q

who says the nuclear family remains the ideal?

A
  • Chester
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33
Q

what are general reasons for diversity?

A
  • secularisation

- liberalisation

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34
Q

why has secularisation caused more diversity?

A
  • more people are atheist/agnostic rather than Christian

- Christianity promotes marriage and opposes divorce and sexuality

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35
Q

why has liberalism caused more diversity?

A
  • people are less traditional

- less stigma attached to being gay, divorced, cohabiting

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36
Q

why has the number of lone parent families increased?

A
  • increase in separation and divorce
  • decline in marriages
  • people are opting for creative singlehood
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37
Q

what is creative singlehood?

A

the deliberate choice to be single

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38
Q

in 2013 how many households out of 10 were one person families?

A
  • 3/10
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39
Q

why has the number of cohabiting families increased?

A
  • decline in social stigma
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40
Q

in 2015nhow many people argued pre-maritage sex was okay?

A
  • 62%
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41
Q

why has same sex families increased?

A
  • less social stigma
  • more accepted
  • Civil partnership act (2004)
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42
Q

what are key influences on UK population?

A
  • natural change

- Net migration

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43
Q

what was the death rate in 1900?

A
  • 19
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44
Q

what was the death rate in 2016?

A
  • 9.1
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45
Q

what was male life expectancy in 1900?

A
  • 50
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46
Q

what was the male life expectancy in 2016?

A
  • 90.7
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47
Q

what are problems of an ageing population?

A
  • increases the dependency ratio
  • puts a stain on the NHS and pension system
  • shortage of new houses
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48
Q

what is the dependency ratio?

A
  • ratio of people working/ not working
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49
Q

what are causes for death rate decrease?

A
  • ageing population
  • NHS formed in 1949
  • advanced medicine
  • policies e.g. tax on cigarettes
  • advanced technology
  • improved diets
  • less hazardous jobs
  • welfare state
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50
Q

what are causes for the decline in birth rate in last 100 years?

A
  • abortion (1976)
  • contraceptive pill (1960s)
  • low infant mortality rate
  • secularisation
  • women more career driven
  • rising costs of children
  • more educated women
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51
Q

what is the nanny state?

A
  • due to changing demographics, governments trying to control health, population with laws and regulations
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52
Q

what’s an example of a Nanny Sate law?

A
  • sugar tax
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53
Q

what is the sugar tax(2018)?

A
  • a sugary drink tax is a tax/supercharge designed to reduce consumption of drinks with added sugar
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54
Q

what do supporters say about the Nanny state?

A
  • it helps people help themselves
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55
Q

what do critics say about the Nanny Sate?

A
  • the government is to controlling, calling this ‘nanny’
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56
Q

what is net migration?

A
  • the difference between immigration and emigration
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57
Q

what was immigration in 1991 and then 2018?

A
  • 1991= 320,000

- 2018= 590,000

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58
Q

what are impacts of migration?

A
  • population size
  • age structures
  • the dependency ratio
59
Q

in 2001 what was the ethnic diversity in the UK?

A

91% white

9% other ethic group

60
Q

in 2011 what was the ethnic diversity in the UK?

A

86% white

14% other ethnic group

61
Q

whys it argued that black families have a higher rate of single parent?

A
  • due to higher unemployment and poverty among black men
62
Q

what does Mirza(1997) say about black women and single parents?

A
  • they place higher value on independence

- therefore marriage doesn’t suit them

63
Q

what does Bullard say why Asian families have a higher rate of extended families?

A
  • provide support for recent migration
64
Q

what is globalisation?

A
  • ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social and political spheres of society
65
Q

in what way are we connected to other countries?

A
  • technology
  • trade
  • culture
66
Q

what are advantages of globalisation

A
  • improves connectivity

- improves diversity of cultures

67
Q

between 2000-2013 what has migration increased by?

A
  • 33%
68
Q

what creates super diversity according to Vertovec (2007)?

A
  • wide range of cultures, countries, religions etc to countries like the UK
69
Q

what is functionalism?

A
  • everything in society has a positive function
  • society is like a biological organism, all parts are - connected and serve a function
  • form value consensus
70
Q

what did Murdock say the 4 main function of the family were?

functionalism

A
  • educational
  • economic
  • reproductive
  • sexual
71
Q

what did Murdock say that the family ha the most important function in a what?

A
  • a harmonious society
72
Q

what did Murdock see as the ideal family?

A
  • nuclear
  • male= breadwinner (instrumental)
  • female= expressive role
73
Q

what is a criticism of Murdock about the nuclear family?

A
  • ‘rose tinted’ view of the nuclear family

- many single parents/same sex are happy/successful

74
Q

how does feminism criticise Murdock?

A
  • traditional gender roles benefit men more than women, ignores domestic violence
75
Q

what did Parsons(1955) say the two main family types were?

functionalism

A
  • extended families

- nuclear families

76
Q

what is Parsons functional fit theory?

A
  • families play different functions depending on the society they’re in
77
Q

what did Parsons say the 2 main functions of the family is?

A
  • primary socialisation

- stabilising adult personalities (relax/release tension)

78
Q

how did Young & Willmott criticise Parsons?

A
  • pre industrial families were mostly nuclear- grandparents often did not live very long
79
Q

how do Marxists criticise Murdock?

A
  • family serves a capitalist economy, not the family themselves
80
Q

what is New Right?

A
  • more traditional/old school values
  • nuclear is better
  • male= instrumental
  • female= expressive
81
Q

who does New Right agree with?

A
  • functionalists like Murdock
82
Q

what does New Right believe has caused many problems in society?

A
  • decline in nuclear family
  • increase in single parents
  • increase in mothers working
  • increase in divorce/cohabiting
83
Q

what does Murray say exists?

A
  • an underclass- unemployment on benefits, single parents etc
84
Q

what does Murray believe people should do to create a better society?

A
  • work, marry, pay taxes and socialise their children properly
85
Q

what is value consensus?

A
  • shared norms and values to form a harmonious society
86
Q

what’s the Marxist view on the family?

A
  • before capitalist system emerged there was no family structure
  • everyone shared the labour community
  • called a ‘classless society’
87
Q

what is Marxism against?

A
  • capitalism
88
Q

who are the Bourgeoisie?

A
  • own the means of production and exploit the lower (working class)
89
Q

who are the Proletariat?

A
  • the working class, exploited and controlled by the Bourgeoisie
90
Q

what do Marxists believe the solution is?

A
  • proletariat must rise up together and overthrow the Bourgeoisie
  • society can be equal, shared by everyone (communism)
91
Q

what do Marxists believe a capitalist society allow for?

A
  • capitalism to flourish and prevent the proletariat from rising up
  • stops women from having any power
92
Q

for Marxists what are the 3 negative function of the family under capitalism?

A
  • inheritance of wealth
  • ideological functions (children trained to be obedient)
  • units of consumption
93
Q

what is the Postmodernist view on the family?

A
  • no longer a single ideal family

- individuals have greater freedom to choose when to marry, who to marry and whether to have kids

94
Q

what does Stacey (1996)?

A
  • no longer dominant structure and diversity has led to increasing equality between sexes and fluidity in family types
95
Q

what is the zombie family?

A
  • the family appears to be alive but in reality its dead

- its unstable

96
Q

what is a pure relationship?

A
  • when individuals decide to carry on maintaining their relationship because it meets their emotional and sexual needs
97
Q

who argues family is like a zombie family?

A
  • Beck, 1992

- Postmodernists

98
Q

what does Judith Stacey say about the family?

A
  • its chaotic
  • constantly changing
  • no set structure that’s regarded as ideal
99
Q

what’s the evaluation of post modernists view on the family?

A
  • not everyone has choice
  • customs and traditions are still important
  • most families remain traditional
100
Q

what does the personal life perspective believe on the family?

A
  • interactionalist approach

- ignores what’s special about blood and marriage families

101
Q

what does Wagg (1992) say about childhood?

A
  • “childhood is .. what members of particular societies, at particular times and in particular places, say it is”
102
Q

what was childhood like in the pre-industrial society (pre 18th C)?

A
  • children were like “little adults”, same work and play as adults
  • punished for crimes like adults
103
Q

what did Aries (1960) say about childhood in the pre industrial society?

A
  • “the idea of childhood did not exist”
104
Q

what was childhood like in the industrial society?

A
  • schools introduced
  • by 17thC, children’s clothes introduced
  • by 18thC, parenting handbook introduced
105
Q

what was childhood like in the 19thC?

A
  • W/C children still working in mines/factories

- M/C attitudes started changing, parents invest emotionally as infant mortality falls

106
Q

what was childhood like in the modern society (20thC)?

A
  • emergence of ‘child centred society’, valued, loved and protected
  • improved standard of living, decline In infant mortality
  • increased contraception=fewer children, more investment in them
107
Q

what does Pilcher (1995) believe about a child centred society?

A
  • modern childhood is ‘separateness’
  • children educated and protected, through laws
  • own toys, food,clothes etc
108
Q

what are reasons for the change in the position of children?`

A
  • laws restricting child labour
  • child protection and welfare legislations
  • lower infant mortality rate
109
Q

why has a lower infant mortality rate changed the position of children?

A
  • less children

- more investment in the fewer children

110
Q

what are examples of child protection and welfare legislation?

A
  • 1889 prevention of cruelty to children Act

- 1989 children Act - welfare of children is fundamental principle

111
Q

what are the 3 ways in which Benedict (1934) argues that children in simpler, non industrial societies are treated differently?

A
  • take responsibility at an early age
  • less value is placed on children showing obedience to adult authority
  • their sexual behaviour is often viewed differently
112
Q

more than 2/3 of the worlds children:

A
  • live in poverty
  • live on the streets
  • don’t go to school
  • at risk of disease
113
Q

what 3 ways do adults protect their children?

A
  • limit what they watch online
  • curfews
  • hide them from violence
114
Q

what does Aries and Shorter argue todays children are more?

A
  • “valued, better cared for, protected and educated, enjoy better health and have more rights”
115
Q

what is the estimated cost of a child by the time they’re 21?

A
  • £227,000
116
Q

what does Palmer (2007) say that childhood is?

A
  • ‘toxic childhood’
117
Q

what is a ‘toxic childhood’ according to Palmer (2007)?

A
  • modern technology has damaged children
118
Q

why else has childhood become toxic in British youth?

A
  • British youth have high rates of obesity, self harm, drug/alcohol abuse, violence etc
119
Q

what do some conflict sociologists believe about control over children?

A
  • that adults have to much control over children
120
Q

who are child liberationists?

A
  • people who want children to have more freedom
121
Q

why do people agree with the male instrumental role and female expressive role?

A
  • its natural and suits our biological differences, it is mutually beneficial
122
Q

what is Young and Willmot’s march of progress view?

A
  • moving away from separated roles to joint, towards the symmetrical family
123
Q

what is the symmetrical family?

A
  • roles of husbands and wives are getting more similar:
  • women can now work
  • men help with housework
124
Q

whys there a recent change towards symmetrical families?

A
  • changing roles of women
  • higher standards of living
  • new technology - dishwasher etc
125
Q

what does Bolt (1957) say the types of conjugal roles are?

A
  • segregated conjugal roles

- joint conjugal roles

126
Q

what is segregated conjugal roles?

A
  • couple has separate roles, male is breadwinner, female= homemaker
  • leisure time often separated
127
Q

what is joint conjugal roles?

A
  • couple shares household tasks and children

- leisure time often spent together

128
Q

what did Oakley say about joint conjugal roles?

A
  • men say they help more than they do
129
Q

what percentage of husbands say they have they have high participation in housework?

A
  • 15%
130
Q

how did Young and Willmott criticise joint conjugal roles?

A
  • men interviewed said they ‘helped’ but could just be cooking breakfast once a week
131
Q

what do feminists believe about the division of labour?

A
  • women working hasn’t led to equality in domestic labour
132
Q

what is the dual burden?

A
  • women are now working and doing more of the unpaid domestic labour in the house
133
Q

what does Hochschild (2013) argue about division of labour?

A
  • women take the triple burden

- they work, more domestic work, emotional work

134
Q

why did the unemployed men Morris studied do little housework?

A
  • they felt their masculinity was threatened by being unemployed, housework would further emasculate them
135
Q

according to Man-Yee Kan what makes a difference to how much housework a women does?

A
  • every £10,000 increase in their income reduces their weekly housework time by nearly 2 hours
136
Q

what is a power relationship?

A
  • one where the division of power is uneven between a person and/or groups
137
Q

what is power?

A
  • who has the ability to control others
138
Q

how is power in families seen?

A
  • traditional family roles
  • male= instrumental
  • female= expressive
139
Q

what did feminists argue the traditional patterns of relationships result in?

A
  • women take responsibility for repetitive domestic work

- men taking on more powerful & interesting roles

140
Q

what were roles within the family like in 1950s?

A
  • Parsons instrumental role and female expressive role
141
Q

what were the roles within the family like in the 1960s-1970s?

A
  • research in division of labour within the family
  • Young and Willmott (1973) families becoming more symmetrical
  • Oakley (1974) women hold the duel burden
142
Q

what were the roles within the family like between the 1980s-1990s?

A
  • reveals women still take responsibility for more domestic work despite working more, less power
143
Q

what is confluent love?

A
  • idea of being completely open with each other within a relationship, high degree of intimacy as a result
144
Q

what is pure relationships?

A
  • based on internal trust rather than rules form outside such as marriage vows

sociology (11 decks)

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