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Families 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

childhood- social construct

what is the western idea of childhood- pilcher?

A
  • most important feature of modern idea of childhood= sperateness
  • childhood is seen as a clear and distinct life stage seperate from adults- shown through laws regulating what children are allowed to do and for adults- diff dress to younger children
  • golden age of happiness- and innocence cildren are vulnerable therefore need protecting from the adult world so live most of life in family and education where adults provide and protect them
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2
Q

childhood- social construct

what are the cross cultural diffs in childhood- punch?

A
  • study of children in bolivia found once 5 they are expected to work take on responsibilites in the home and community- they do this without hesitation
  • other examples- among trobiand islanders adults took an attitude if tolerance and amused intrest towards childrens sexual exploitations and activities
  • all illustrate that childhood is not a fixed thing found universally in the same form in all societies but is socially constructed
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3
Q

childhood- social construct

how has childhood become globalised?

A
  • the view of childhood= westernised and is becoming globalised
  • humanitarian aids using western norms of what childhood should be ( transmitting western ideas of childhood)
  • by doing this we fail to understand taht young people working may be the norm in their culture- charity campaigns have very little impact on the position of children
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4
Q

childhood- social construct/changed

what are the hsitorical differnces in childhood- aires?

A
  • childhood today is a recent invention- suggets that in the middle ages childhood did not exist
  • children in this time were no different to adults, began work at an early age ‘mini adults’- law made no distinction between the two
  • evidence- art work fromt hsi period showing children without any characteristics dressed the same as adults working and playing together
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5
Q

childhood- social construct/changed

what does shorter argue?

A

high death rates of children encouraged indiffernce and neglect towards infants they would hav emany children often forgetting how many they had

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6
Q

childhood- social construct/changed

what is the modern cult of childhood- aires?

A
  • changes such as schools, the growing diff between children and adults clothes and child-centredness brought abou tthe move from a world that did not see childhood to special to a world that is now obsessed with childhood
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7
Q

childhood- social construct/ changed

what are the reasons given for the change of childhood?

A
  1. laws restricting child labour and excluding them from paid work
  2. introduction of compulsory schooling in 1880
  3. child protection and welfare laws
  4. the Growth of children rights
  5. declining family size and lower infant death-
  6. laws and policies specifically for children- age to smoke
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8
Q

childhood- the future

what is the disappearence of childhood and information hierarchy- postman?

A
  • childhood is disappearing at a fast speed bc children are given same rights as adults, children commiting adult crimes and similarity in clothing
  • the first cause is print culture hs been replaced by tv culture- in middle ages most were illitrate and speech= only skill to be part of adult world- children able to enter at a young age so no divison between the two
  • childhood emerged as sepertate from 219th cent bc of ih- sharp division between adults and children
  • gave adults opportunity to keep adult matters away from children= innocence but tv blured this= innocence replaced with knowledge
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9
Q

childhood- the position of children improved?

what does the march of progress view say about this?

A
  • over the past centuries- childrens position in western society has been steadily improving an dis better than it has ever been
  • aires and shorter- hold this view arguing that today children are more valued, better cared for protected and educated, ahve more rights etc than previous generations e.g children today are protected from child exploitation
  • the govt spends a lot of monet on eductaion, and better healthcare meaninng they have a better chance at survival
  • also this means parent can afford to provide for their needs properly
  • family has become child centred- they are now focal points and consulted for many things than before- society as a whole as well with placy centres apps designed for kids etc
  • greater deal put into emotional + finacial to give them a better life
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10
Q

childhood- the position of children improved?

what is toxic childhood- palmer-?

A
  • children in Uk today are experiencing this- rapid technological change abd cultural changes in past 25 years have damaged childrens development
  • these include- junk food, computer games and growing empahsis on tests in education
  • concerns about their health and behaviour have also been raised e.g uk youth are baove average in terms of obesisty, self harm and teen pregnancies ranked 16 out of 29 for children wellbeing
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11
Q

childhood- the position of children improved?

what are some inequalities among children- conflict sociologists?

A

position of children has not improved- not all children share the same experinces
* gender diffs- boys are more likely to be able to go out at night unaccompied but with girls they have to stay at home and help with domestic chores
* ethnic diffs- asian parent are more likely to be strict to their daughters, ideas of famiy honour restrict behaviours particulary girls
* class inequalities- poor mothers more likely to give birth to low weight babies= delayed physical and intellectual development etc
* this shows we cannot speak as if all children are equal as theyre not

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11
Q

childhood- the position of children improved?

how are children controlled?

A
  • **neglect and abuse **- adults can take extreme form such as physical annd emotional abuse
  • control over childrens time- adults control their daily routines, what speed they grow at they are the ones taht say a child is too young for something
  • controls over childrens space- closely survailenced in public spacese.g being out during school time, fear arounf strangers an droad safety= children being dropped an dpicked up from school
  • control over childrens access to resources- they have limited opportunities to earn money so stay economically dependent on adults, pocket money but usually monitored
  • control over children bodies- e.g what they wear whether or not they can have ears piereced etc , adults wash dress feed etc children and may also monitor the ways children touch their own bodies e.g picking nose
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12
Q

childhood- the position of children improved?

what is age patriarchy- gittins?

A
  • used to describe the diffsand inequalities between adults and children adults dominate children
  • family term- originally refers to the power of the male head over all members
  • thsi power is still seen today - in forms of violence against women and children ( found that 1/4 of 200 women in a study left relationship bc they feared for childrens safety
  • other evidence- for childhood being oppressive - children use stratergies that use to resist the status of child and restrictions e.g acting up- doing things children are not meant to like smoking and acting down- behaving in expected ways children baby talking to escape adult control
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13
Q

childhood- the position of children improved?

what is the view of mayall?

A
  • criticises sociology studying children and childhood
  • we must not generalise becaause as adults we can underestimate them
  • we can generalise childhood but not everyone has th esame experience
  • we need to focus on the present tense of childhood study ordinary life
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14
Q

childhood- the position of children improved?

what is the new sociology of childhood/

A
  • sees children as active agents who play a major part in creating their own childhoods
  • smart- the new approach aims to include the views and experiences of children themselves e.g in divorce study fund that children are far from passive victimes they were actively involved in trying to make the situation better for everyone
  • tends to use research methods like informal unstructed interviews- which empower children to express their own views enabling socs to explore diverse multiple childhoods that exist in a single society
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15
Q

demography- births

what is birth rate?

A

the number of live births per thousand of the population per year
* has been a long term decline of them since 1990 but hav ebeen fluctuations with three baby booms two after world wars

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16
Q

demography- births

what is the total fertility rate?

A
  • has risen in recent years- changes in feritility rates reflect the fact that more women remain childless than in the past
  • average age giving birth now is 30 and fertilitiy rates in 30s and 40s increase
  • older you get th eless fertile= fewer children
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17
Q

demography- births

what are the reasons for the decline in thebirth rate?

A
  • changes in womens position- increased edu opportunities, access to abortion and contraception
  • decline in infant mortality rate- if many infants die parents have more to rplace the lost but if they survive they have less this isbecause of improved housing an dbetter sanitation and better knowledge of hygiene and child health and impoved services for mothers
  • children as an economic libility- because of laws banning child labour introducing compulsory schooling etc and changing norms- children have the right to expect from their parents in material terms
  • childcentredness-childhood now socially constructed as uniquley important in childrens lives this has encourgaed quality over quantity- now having fewer an dmore lavish resources for them
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18
Q

demography- births

what are future trends in birth rates?

A
  • been a slight increase in child births since 2001- mothers from outside of uk have higher fertility rate than uk born so raise the stat
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19
Q

demography- births

what are the effects of changes in fertility?

A
  • dependency ratio- relationship between size of the working population and size of non working dependent population- fewer children reduces the burden of dependency on those working
  • vanishing children- childhood may be lonelier as fewer children will have sibilings and more childless adults means fewer voices speaking up in support of childrens intrests
  • public services and policies- fewer schools and child have services maybe needed affects maternity and paternity leave also houses built etc
  • an ageing population- average age of population increasing= more old people than young
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20
Q

demography- deaths

what is death rate?

A

the number of people who die per 1000 of the population per year
* in 1900 was 19 per 1000 whereas 2012 down to 8.9
* since 1870 has been steadily decreasing with peaks during second world war

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21
Q

demography- deaths

what are the reasons for the decline in death rate?

A

1.fall in number of deaths from infectious diseases- like tb and smallpox these were more common among young people improvements in public health vaccines
2.improved nutrition- reduced number of deaths from tb increases resitance to infection and increased survival chances
3.medical improvements- after 1950 improved medical knowledge, organistaions etc helped to reduce deaths e.g blood transfussions, antibiotics et
4.smoking and diet- reduction in smokers but obesity has replaced this 1/4 people in uk were obese 2012but deaths from it have been kept low due to drugs
5.public health measures- 20th cent power to pass and enforce laws led to improvements in public health like improved housing, pure drinking water, clean airs act passed reduced air pollution
6.other social changes- higher incomes=healthier lifestyle, decline in dangerous manual occupations like mining, smaller famlilies minimises risk of infection spread

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22
Q

demography- deaths

what is life expectancy?

A

refers to how long on average a person born in a given year san expect to live
* death rates have fallen so life expectancy increased
* 1900- males= 50 and women=57- because many infants did not survive beyond early years
* 2013- 90.7= males 94=females- today newborn have better chance of survival

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23
Q

demography- deaths

what are the gender, class and regional diffs with life expectancy?

A
  • women- tend to live longer than men gap has now narrowed though
  • living in north and scotland- lower lief expectancy than the south
  • w.c men in unskilled jobs- 3 times as likely to die before 65 compared with men with professional jobs
  • poorer areas- will die seven years earlier than those in rich areas
  • maybe because richer- acn afford better,more varried healthier diet poorer people more liekly to eat junk food has no nutritional value
24
Q

demography- ageing population

what is meant by an ageing population?

A

the average age of a country increasing overtime bc people are living longer, less babies born, reduction in deaths
* 1971- was 34.1 years old but 2037- 42.8
* less young people more old people

25
Q

demography- ageing population

what are the effects of an ageing population?

A
  • public services- older people use more of it especially the ol old (75+)
  • one person households- no. of pensioners alone has increased about 12.5% of all households- mostly women as they live longer than men + younger than husbands usually
  • the dependancy ratio- non-workin gold are economically dependent on the working population as they need to be provided for e.g taxes to pay pensions, number of retired increases si di the ratio and burden on working
26
Q

demography- ageing population

what is the link between ageism and modernity?

A

ageism= consequence of an ageing population in modern society- shown in diff way
* many argue its the result of structured dependency, many old people are excluded from paid work= dependent on family and state
* marxists- the old are no use to capitalism bc no longe rproductive= state unwilling to support as a result so family have to help with care
* age become simportant in role allocation- creating fixed life stages and age related identities e.g worker and pensioner excluded from work forced to be economically dependent

27
Q

demography- ageing population

what is the link between postmodern society and old age?

A
  • the fixed orderly stages of life course have broken down
  • e.g children dressing in adult styles, later marriage and early retirement all begin to blur the life stages= greater choice of lifestyle whatever the age
  • unlike moderity- consumption becomes the key to our identities we can now define ourselves by what we consume
  • hunt- argues this means we can cose a lifestyle and identity regardless of age as it no longer determines who we are or how we live
  • this results in the old becoming a good market for things like rejuvination products and body maintenance- they can create their identities
  • this includes anti-ageing products and cosmetoc surgery
28
Q

demography- ageing population

what do these trends do?

A

they break down the ageist stereotypes found in modernity
* two features of postmodernity also undermine old age as a stigmatised life stage:
1. the centrality of the media- images now portary positive aspects of elderly lifestyle
2. the emphasis on surface features- body becomes a surface on which we can write identities- anti-ageing products enable th eold to write diff identites for themselves

29
Q

demography- ageing population

what is the ineqaulity among the old?

A

marxists point out that not all old people experiences are the sam - pilcher-argues that there are diff experiences bassed on
* class- m.c have better occupational pesnisons and greater savings for higher salaries, poorer old people have shorter life expectancy + suffer more illness making it hard to maintain youthful identity
* gender-womens lower earnings and career bbreaks as carers means lower pensions+ subject to sexism and stereotyping e.g being called old hags

30
Q

demography- ageing population

what are the policy implications?

A

many social policies will need to be changed to tackle problems posed by ageing population
* main problem- how to finance a longer period of old age- acn be done theough paying more from our savings and taxes while workijg or by working longer
* housing policy- encourage old people to trade down into smaller accomodation- would release wealth to improve their standard of living an dfree up housing for younger people
* (above is hirch)- also require cultural change in attitudes towards old ag e
* illustrates notion old age is a social construct - not fixed but something shaped an definded by society

31
Q

demography- migration

what is migration?

A

the movement of people from place to place either internal or internationally
* another factor affecting the size and age of the population

32
Q

demography- migration

what is emigration?

A

movement out
* from the mid 16th cent until 80s more people moved else where than came to settle in uk
* people have gone to USA, Canada, Australia, South africa etc
* main reason is economic push factors- economic rescesion and economic pull factors- higer wages abroad
* but for some other groups- policitcal, racial persicution

33
Q

demography- migration

what is immigration?

A

movement into a society
* irish were the largest group from until ww2 for economic reasons, eastern + centeral european jews- fleeing from persicution etc
* very feware non-white- 1950s= black immigrats from caribbean, south asians from india, bangladesh etc, east africans kenyan, ugandan

34
Q

demography- migration

what is the impact of migration on uk population?

A
  1. population size- currently growing, net migration is high with more immigrants than emigrants 47%= non-eu citizens 38% eu citizens, many births to non-uk mothers than uk born mothers 25% of births
  2. age structure- immigration lowers age of pop directly- as they are younger indirectly- being younger= more fertile and therefore more babies
  3. dependency ratio- immigrants are moire likely to be of working age= lowers the ratio, older ones return back home to retire, BUT bc more of them are having more children= ratio increases
    * over time they grwo and will join labour force helping to lower it again
    * the longer a group is settled in country the closer the fertility rate comes to the national average= ratio decreased
35
Q

demography- globalistaion +migration

what is globalistaion?

A

world becoming increasingly interconnected through the growth of global media, tech global markets and fall of communism
* the major change has been international migration

36
Q

demography- globalistaion +migration

what is the link between types of migrants and globalistaion?

A

includes permenent settlers, temp workers, spouses and forced migrants
* some have legal settlement some enter illegaly
* globalisation has increased the diversity of types of migrants- e.g students are now a major group of migrants more chiense born than uk born in 2014

37
Q

demography- globalistaion +migration

what are the diff types of migrants?

A

super-diversity- because of globalistion migrants come from many diff countries, ethnic groups are then divided by legal status, culture or religion and are dispersed throughout uk
citizens with full citizenship- uk has made it harder form immigrants to acquire their rights
denizens- priviledged forigen nationals welcomed by the state like highly paid employees of multinational businesses
helots- most exploited group, found in unskilled poorly paid jobs like illegally traficked workers

38
Q

demography- globalistaion +migration

what is the feministaion of migration?

A
  • over the last 40 year salmost half of all global migrants being female- globalisation of the gender division of labour- in patriarchal stereotypes like cleaners, carers etc
  • care,domestic and sex work in th ewest= done mainly by women from poor countries=
  • western women men reamin unwilling to perform domestic labor
  • failure of state providing adequate childcare
  • this gap has been filled by women from poor countries e.g 40% of all adult care nurses in uk are female migrants
  • also global transfer of emotioanl labour -migrant nannies provide care + affection at expense if their own childen left back home
39
Q

demography- globalistaion +migration

what are migrant identities?

A

postmodernists- identity is like a diamond multifaced with a range of diff identities, family,friends, neighbour, religion,ethnicity etc- each depends on the circumstances found in
* for migrants- they have to present diff faces at diff times and contexts throughout their life, country of origin may provide and additional or alternative source of identity ‘hybrid identities’

40
Q

demography- globalistaion +migration

what are transnational identities?

A

globalistaion has created more diverse migration patterns with back and forth movements of people through networls rather than permenent settlement in another country
* bc of this migrants are less likely to see themselves as completely belonging to one culture or country = devloping a neither or nor identiy
* modern tech makes it possible to keep global ties with fam and friends back at home
* globalised economy= better ties with other migrants around th eworld than just with origin settlement= in globalised world are thuss likely to want assimilate into host culture

41
Q

demography- globalistaion +migration

what is the link between policies and migration?

A
  • they either control immigration or allow migrants into society= increased ethnic AND cultural diversity more recently being linked to anti-terrorism
42
Q

demography- globalistaion +migration

hat are some policies related to migration?

A

assimilation- encourgaing immigrants to adopt the lang,values and customs of the host to make them like us- faces issue of transnational identies maybe not willing to abadon culture
multiculturalism- accepts migrants may want to retain a sperate cultural identity and looks to celerbrate this within society the two examples are;
shallow diveristy- rgarding chiken tikka masala as britain natioanl dish ( acceptable to the state)
deep diveristy- aspects of culture clash against the views of the state e.g veiling which in islamic culture is not acceptable in some states like france banning the hijab and niqabs in public
since 9/11many politicians demanded that migrnats assimilate

43
Q

couples- the domestic division of labour

what is parsons view and what are the two roles he proposes?

A

in the traditional nuclear family roles were segregated- speperate and distinct from one another
instrumental role- usually the male role of breadwinner
expressive role- usually the female role of socialisation
these divisions are based on the bio diffs between women and men- these are all ebnificial for everyone

44
Q

couples- the domestic division of labour

what are joint and segregated conjugal roles?

A

elizabeth bott
joint conjugal roles- couples share tasks like childcare and spend leisure time together
segragated conjugal roles- couples have seperate roles, male breadwinner female carer

45
Q

couples- the domestic division of labour

what is the symertical family?

A

young and willmot- see family as gradually improving for all members more equal and democratic- although not identical but similar
* women now go out to work
* men help with childcare and housework
* most of these families are among the younger couples
* the rise of the symmetrical nuclear fam is because of womens changes in position, new tch and higher standards of living

46
Q

couples- becoming more equal

what is the march of progress view on this?

A

women going out to work= more equal division of labour
* men becoming more involved in housework and childcare- attitude surveys found a decline in belief that its th emans job to earn money and womans job to look after home and family ( men= 45% down to 13% women = 41% to 12%)

47
Q

couples- becoming more equal

what is the feminist view on this?

A

women getting into paid labour has not led to greater equality in division of domestic labour
* men spent 10 hours on care for members but women 23 hours
* women still do most of the traditional gender jobs- laundry cooking, cleaning

48
Q

couples- becoming more equal

what is dual burden?

A

women having the burden of housework and caring for the children

49
Q

couples- becoming more equal

who usually takes responsibility for children- boulton?

A

the mother does
* evidence- dex and ward found that when it came to caring for sick child only 1% of fathers took main responsibility

50
Q

couples- becoming more equal

what is emotional work and the triple shift?

A

women are responsible for managing emotions and feelings of all the members
triple= housework,paid work and emotioanal work

51
Q

couples- becoming more equal

who usually takes responsibility for quality time- southerton?

A

the mother- coordinating, schedulling and managing the familys quality time together
* has become more difficult in todays late modern society
* men + women have diff experiences of leisure time men usually having uninterupted time whereas women don’t
* women are also likely to multi-task

52
Q

couples- explaining the gender division of labour

what are cultural explanations?

A

also know as ideological explanation- the divison of labour is determined by **patriarchal norms and values **that shape the gender roles in our culture

53
Q

couples- explaining the gender division of labour

what are material explanations?

A

also know as economic explanation of inequality-women generally earn less than men= econmically rational for women to do more domestic workwhile men spend their time earning money

54
Q

couples- explaining the gender division of labour

evidence for the cultural explanation

A

gershuny- couples whose parents had equal realtionships are more liekly to share housework equally themselves= parentla role models are important
mann yan kee- younger men do more domestic work, most men claimed to do more than their fathers and women less than their mother- suggets gen shift in behaviour happening
dunne- lesbian couples had more symmetrical relationships ebcause of absence of trad hetrosexual gender scripts

55
Q

couples- explaining the gender division of labour

evidence for material explanation

A

kan- every £10,000 a year more a woman earns she does two hours less house week per week
arber and ginn- better paid m.c women more able to buyy labour saving devices rather than actually doing them theirselves
ramos- where woman is the full time breadwinner and man= unemployed- he does as much domestic labour as she does
sullivan- working full time rather than part makes the biggest diff in terms of how much domestic work each partner does

56
Q

couples- explaining the gender division of labour

what is the conclusion?

A

some evidence that women in paid work= more equality in division of labour

57
Q
A

Sociology (12 decks)

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