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Families 1 Flashcards

theories, social policy and family diversity

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1
Q

theories of the family- functionalism

what the role of families murdock?

A
  • sees family as a particularly important sub-system
  • the family performs four essential functions to meet the needs of society and its members:
    1. stable satisfaction of the sex drive
    2. reproduction of the next gen
    3. socialisation of the young ( norms and values)
    4. meeting economic needs of its members
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2
Q

theories of the family- functionalism

what is parsons functional fit theory?

A
  • in 1955 the function of the family depended n the society it was in- depending on the functions that the family does will affect its shape/structure
  • two types of families= nuclear and extended
  • two societies= modern industrial (goods are produced and sold) and pre-industrial society (people work the land for food)
  • the nuclear family fits the needs of modern industrial and the extended pre-industrial society
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3
Q

theories of the family- functionalism

what is the first essential need of industrial society?

A

1.a geographically mobile workforce in pre-industrial people often spent their whole lives livin gin the same village but in modern society industries constantly appear in diff parts of the country- its easier for smaller compact families to up and move (nuclear family) than families where there are many members (extended family)
* makes the nuclear family better fitted to the needs of modern industry has for geographically moblie workforce

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4
Q

theories of the family- functionalism

what is the second essential need of industrial society

A
  1. a socially mobile workforce modern society is based on constantly changing science and technology so it requiresa skilled, competent workforce ( essential that talented people take on the most important jobs)- status is achieved by their own efforts and ability not ascribed byt their social or family background making social mobility possible
    * e.g the son of a labourer can become a doctor through ability and hard work bc of this nuclear family is better equiped to meet the needs of industrial society
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5
Q

theories of the family- functionalism

what is parsons loss of functions from the family theory?

A

when society industrialises and the family structure changes ( from extended to nuclear) the functions of the family change also as a result the modern nuclear family specialises in two essential functions:
1. the primary socialistaion of children- equips them with basic skills and society’s values = intergrated into society
2. the stabilisation of adult personalities- the family is a place where adults can relax and release tensions enabling them to return to work feeling refreshed- this is functional for the efficency of the economy

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6
Q

theories of the family- new right

what do new right thinkers believe?

A
  • there is only one correct family type- nuclear family
  • any deviation from this family type results in problems and conflict in society e.g educational underachievement and higher crime
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7
Q

theories of the family- marxism

what do marxists believe the role of the family is?

A
  • to benefit capitalism by helping to maintain it
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8
Q

theories of the family- marxism

what is the link between capitalism and society?

A

in the modern society the capitalist class owns and controls these means of production- as the mode of production changes so does the family
* marx- the earliest classless society ‘ primitive communism’ there was no private property all members owned the means of production together
* at this stage there was no family instead there was the promiscuous horde (Engels)

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9
Q

theories of the family- marxism

how does the family fulfil capitalism- inheritence of property?

A
  • as forces of production developed society’s wealth increased as well as the devlopment of private property- with this a class of men who were able to control the means of production also emerged (bourgeoisie)
  • this change brought about the patriarchal,monogamous, nuclear family - engel believes monogamy became essential because of the inheritence of property- men had to be certain of the their children in order to ensure that their legitimate heirs inherit from them
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10
Q

theories of the family- marxism

how does engels believe women are exploited by the capitalist system?

A

men using women to make sure that their heir is maintained through comtrol

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11
Q

theories of the family- marxism

how will women achieve liberation from patriarchal control?

A

only with the overthrow of capitalism and private ownership of the means of production
* a classless society will be established in wgich the means of producion are owned collectively not privately- there will no longer need for partirachal family

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12
Q

theories of the family- marxism

how does the family capitalism- ideological functions?

A
  • ideology- a set of ideas or beliefs that justify inequality and maintain the capitalist system by persuading people to accept it as fair or unchangeable
  • family does this by socialising children into the idea taht hierarchy and inequality are inevitable
  • paternal power over children gets them used to the idea that there always has to be someone in charge
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13
Q

theories of the family- marxism

what does zaretsky say the family performs?

A
  • they offer a safe haven from the harsh and exploitative world of captitalism where workers can have private lives and be themselves
  • HOWEVER- this is largely an illusion- the family cannot meet its members needs e.g its based on the domestic subervience of women
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14
Q

theories of the family- feminism

what do feminists say about the role of the family?

A
  • its a tool of opression in society
  • gender inequality ias not natural its created by society
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15
Q

theories of the family- feminism

what do liberal feminists say about the family?

A
  • they hold a march of progress view- womens oppression is being gradually overcome through changing peoples attitudes and changes in law e.g sex discrimination act
  • we are moving towards greater equality but further equality depennds on further reforms and changes in attitudes ( do not fully believe gender equality has been achieved)
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16
Q

theories of the family- feminism

what do marxists feminists say about the family?

A

the main cause of womens oppression in the family is not men but capitalism w.c exploitation
* the family must be abolished at same time as revolution replaces capitalism with classless society
* this won’t happen bc womens oppression performs a number of functions for capitalism

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17
Q

theories of the family- feminism

what are the three functions womens oppression performs for capitalism?

A
  1. women absorb anger- ansley ‘wives are takers of shit’ who soak up their husbands frustration who feel the alienation and exploitation of capitalism from work
  2. women reproduce the labour force- through their unpaid labour + socialising the next gen of workers and maintaning the the current one
  3. women are a reserve army of cheap labour- can be taken when extra workers are needed, when no longer needed employers can let them go to return to their primary role as unpaid domestic labour
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18
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A
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18
Q

theories of the family- feminism

what do radical feminists say about the role of the family?

A

all socities are patriarchal
* the key division in society between men and women are:
* men are the enemy- they are the source of womens oppression and exploitation
* the family and marriage are the key institutions in patriarchal society- men benefit from womens unpaid domestic labour + sexual services and dominate women through dv and sexual violence or threat of it

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19
Q

theories of the family- feminism

what is the solution to womens opporession according to radical feminists?

A

the patriarchal system needs to be overturned in particular the family which must be abolished
* this can be done through:
* sepratisim- women must organise themselves to live independently of men
* political lesbianism- creating all female or matriarchal households as an alternative bc the hetrosexual relationship is oppressive

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20
Q

theories of the family- feminism

what is difference feminisms view on the role of the family?

A
  • they argue that we cannot generalise about womens experience- bc lesbian,hetro,black,white,w.c and m.c women all have diff experinces of the family
  • e.g white feminists neglect black womens experince of racial oppression , in stead diff fems see the family as a source of support and resistence against racism
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21
Q

theories of the family- personal life perspective

what is the personal life perspective?

A
  • theory that is strongly influenced by interactionist ideas and argues to understand family, we must start from the pov if the individuals concerned and the meanings they give to their relationships
  • a bottom up- approach of interactionism as it emphasises the meanings that individuals hold and how these shape their actions and relationships
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22
Q

theories of the family- personal life perspective

why do they criticise top down theories?

A
  1. ** they tend to assume the the traditional nuclear family is the dominant family type**- this ignore the increased fam diversity today
  2. they are all structural theories- assume that families and its members are simply passive puppets manipulated by the structure if society to perform certain functions
    * sociologists that take a plp, interactionist or postmodernists reject the structural view- they ignore that we have some choice in creating our family relationships
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23
Q

theories of the family- personal life perspective

what is the idea of families beyond blood and marriage?

A
  • plp take on a wider view on relationships beyond the traditional nuclear family
  • they draw attention to a range of other personal/intimate relationships that are important to people even though they may not be conventionally defined as family
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24
Q

theories of the family- personal life perspective

what are some examples of families beyond blood and marriage?

A
  • relationships with friends- like sister or brother to you
  • fictive kin-close friends treated as relatives e.g mums bestie= auntie
  • gay and lesbian chosen families- made up of supportive network of cf who are nor related or marriage linked
  • relationships with dead relatives- who live on in peoples memories + continue to shpae their identities and affect their actionsn
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25
Q

theories of the family- personal life perspective

what are donor concived children?

A
  • nordqvist and smart- did research on this- what counts as family when a child shares a genetic link with a ‘ stranger and not with partner
  • having a child with a donor- mother of egg donor is defined as the mum but difficult feelings may occur for the non-genetic parent e.g bc they may not look like them
  • futher q’s like is the donors parents the childs grandparents
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26
Q

social policy

what is social policy?

A

plans and actions of state agencies e.g benefit system
* usually based on laws introduced by govt that provide the frameowrk whitin which these agencies operate
* some are aimed directly at families like laws governing child protection

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27
Q

social policy

what are some other policies that do not directly affect families but have an effect?

A
  • compulsory education- enables parents to go out to work
  • taxation policies- affect how much money is taken from families
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28
Q

social policy- comparing family policies

what was the one child policy in china?

A
  • the govts way to control the population by discouraging couples from having more than one child
  • had to seek permission to get pregnant
  • couples who comply get extra benefits e.g free child healthcare
  • couples who don’t must repay the allowneces and pay a fine (women pressured to get sterlilisation)
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29
Q

social policy- comparing family policies

what was communist Romania?

A
  • the former communist romania introduced a series of policies to try to drive up the birth rate which had been falling due to the decline in living stanndards
  • it restricted contraception and abortion, made divorce harder and legal age to marry was lowered to 15
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30
Q

social policy- comparing family policies

what was the nazi family policy?

A
  • 1930s a policy where it encouraged the the racially pure to breed a ‘master race’- keep women out of work and confine them to children
  • on other hand state compulsoryily sterillised 375,000 disabled people who were deemed unfit to breed many of them were later murdered
31
Q

social policy- comparing family policies

what was the democratic societies in the UK?

A
  • family is private a sphere of life meaning the govt does not intervene
  • but socs argue that even in democratic societies the states social policies play a very important role in shaping family life
32
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what do functionalists say about social policy?

A
  • they see the state as acting in the interests of society as a whole and its social policies as being for the good of all
  • see policies as helping families perform their functions more effectively and make life better for members
33
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

how does donzelot differ from other functionalists?

A
  • holds a conflict view of society and sees policy as a form of state power and control over families
34
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what is meant by survellience- donzelot?

A

power is not only held by the govt but diffuses through dociety and is within relationships

35
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what is meant by policing of families- donzelot?

A

doctors and social workers etc using their expert knowledge to control and change families
* poorer families are more likely to experince this than m.c

36
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what are the key features of new right thinkers?

A
  • strongly favour the traditional nuclear family
  • see this famoly type as naturally self-relient and capable of caring for its members
  • changes have led to greater family diveristy and are threatening the conventionak family + producing social problems
37
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what state ploicies have encourgaed these changes and helped undermine the nuclear family?

A

almond:
* laws making divorce easier- undermine marriage as a lifelong commitment betwene man and woman
* introduction of civil partnerships - send messgae that hetrosexual marriage is no longer superior
* tax lwas discriminate aganist conventional families with sole breadwinne
* cohabitation and marriage being more similar

38
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what do people like charles murray believe?

A
  • welfare polices indermine the conventional nuclear family and encourged deviant and dysfunctional family types that harm society
39
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what does murry argue that these generous welfare benefits do?

A
  • they offer preserve incentives- they reward irresponsible behaviour/ anti social behaviou re.g
  • providing council housing- for unmarried young teens encourages others to get pregnant
  • growth of lone parent families- means more boys grow up without male role models raising crime among them
    therfore social policy has a major impact in family abd current policies encourage a dependency culture
40
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what does a dependecny culture threaten?

A
  • two essential functions the family fulfils for society:
    1. successful socialisation
    2. maintenance of the owrk ethic among men
41
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what is the new rights solution?

A

cut welfare spending and tighter restrictions on who is eligible for benefits
* advocating policies to support the traditional nuclear family e.g taxes that favour married instead if cohabitting couples making fathers financially responsible for their children
* THE LESS THE STATE INTERFERES THE BETTER

42
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

how have the new right influenced policy?

A

they are a conservative view of the family first devloping in 1970s
* they have influenced some conservative policies and new labour as well

43
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what was the link between the conservative govt 1979-97 and new right?

A
  • thatchers conservative govt- banned the promotion iiof homosexuality by la- encouraging nuclear family
  • the conservative govt also defined divorce as a social problem- and emphasised the continued responsibility of parents for their children after divorce
  • Set up the child support agency- to enforce the maintenence payments of absent parents
  • HOWEVER- also introduced measures that opposed new right beliefs e.g giving illegitmate children the same rights as those born to married parents
44
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what is the link between the new labour govt 1997-2010 and new right?

A
  • took the view that a family head by a married hetrosexual couple as the best to bring up children
  • also empahsised the need for parents to take responsibilty for their children
  • HOWEVER- they also rejected the new right view that family should have just one male earner and recognised women too can now go work
45
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what are some new labour policies that differ from new right views?

A
  • longer maternity leave
  • working tax credit- enabling parents to claim some tax relief on childcare costs
  • giving unmarried couples the same adoption rights as married couples
  • civil partnerships for same sex couples
46
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what is the conservative led govt from 2010?

A
  • the conservative govt had been divided between the
  • modernisers recognise families are now more diverse and are willing to reflect this in their policies
  • traditionalists- favour the new right views and reject diversity as morallyw rong
47
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what do feminists believe about policy?

A

they are self fulfiling prophecy
* policies are often based in assumptions about what normal family life is like e.g the traditioanl patriarchal nuclear family
* this norm affects the kind of polices governing family life= the effect of the policies is often to reinforce that particular type of family at the expense of others creating slp
* this makes it more difficult for people to live in other family types than thae one policymakers assume

48
Q

social policy- persepectives on fam+sp

what policies support the patriarchal family?

A

feminists identify many examples that help maintain the conventional nuclear family and reinforce womens economic depndence:
* ** tax and benifit policies**- may assuem that husbands are main wage earners and wives are rheir financial dependents- makes it impossible for wives to claim social security benifits IN THEIR OWN RIGHTS
* childcare-polices that givern school timetables and holdidays make it hard for parents ( mothers) to work full time unless they can afford extra childcare= women are restricted from working and placed in an economic depence position
* care for the sick and elderly- govt asuumes family provide this menas the women are expected to do this and this prevents them from working full time leonard- even where policies appear to support women they still reinforce patriarchy and control e.g maternity leave being more generous than paternity
* these all show their importance in socially constructing family roles

49
Q

social policy- gender regimes

what are gender regimes used to do?

A

to describe how social polices in diff countries can either encourage or discourage gender equality in famiy and work

50
Q

social policy- gender regimes

what are the two
gender regimes- drew?

A
  • fatalistic gender regimes- where polices are based on traditional gender division between males and females
  • e.g suadi arabia- trad beliefs and customs often restrict womens rights and oppurtunites
  • individualistic gender reigimes- where polices are bassed on the belief that husbands and wives should be treated the same, wives are not assumed to be finanacially dependent on husband so each person has sperate entitelment to state benefits
  • e.g this is seen in swden- where policies treat both equally responsible for breadwinner role an domestic tasks
51
Q

social policy- gender regimes

what is state vs market?

A
  • drew argues the eu are moving towards a more individualistic gender reigeme- liekly to bring move away from nuclear family and greater gender equality in family roles and relationships
  • but some polices involve major conflicts about who should benefit from social polices and who should pay they
  • e.g since 2008 global ressecion cutback in govt spending through europe= pressure on women to take more responsibility for caring for family members as the state retreats from rpovinding welfare
  • also trend towards neoliberal- welfare polices- individuals and families encoured to use the market rather than the state to meet their needs
52
Q

family diversity- modernity and the nuclear family

what is the functionalist view on family diversity?

A

parsons- there is functional fit between the nuclear family and moder society
* this family type is better suited for the needs of modern society- geographically and socially mobile workforce and performing primary socialisation of children and stabilisation of adult personalities
* therefore other family types can be considered as dysfunctional, abnormal or deviant as they cannot perform those functions

53
Q

family diversity- modernity and the nuclear family

what is the new right view on family diversity?

A
  • a conservative anti-feminist perspective on family= firmly oppose family diversity
  • they believe that there is only one correct normal family type (traditional nuclear family)
  • this family types= natural and based on the bio diffs between men and women (place of harmony
  • they oppose most of the changes in family patterns e.g gay marriage and cohabitation etc
  • decline in the nuclear famiy + growth of family diversity= many social problems esp lone parent families because
    1. lone mothers cannot discipline their children propery
    2. leaves boys without role models
    3. burden welfare state
54
Q

family diversity- modernity and the nuclear family

what is the neo-conventional family according to chester?

A
  • dual earner family where both spouses work not just the husband- move fromt he traditional family
  • noticed there has been some increased diversity recently- not negative
55
Q

family diversity- modernity and the nuclear family

what are the five patterns does chester identify?

A
  1. majority of people live in a household headed by a married couple
  2. most adults marry then have children
  3. most marriages continue until death
  4. cohabitation has increased
  5. births outside marriage has increased + jointly registered
    * many people not being part of the nuclear family is just bc of life cycle ( either in one in future or was in the past)
    * sees nuclear family as dominat but sees family diveristy as exaggerated
56
Q

family diversity- modernity and the nuclear family

what do the rapoports believe?

A
  • diveristy if of centeral importance in understanding family life today
  • we have moved away from a traditional nuclear family as dominant family type to a range of diff types
  • british failies have adapted to a puralistic society- cultures and lifstyles are more diverse
  • fam diversity reflects greater freedom aof choice and the widespread acceptence of diff cultures
57
Q

family diversity- modernity and the nuclear family

what are the five types of family diversity in britain that they identify raroports?

A
  1. organisational diversity- diff ways that family roles are organised e.g joint conjugal
  2. cultural diversity- diff cultural,religous and ethnic groups have doff fam structuree.g many afro-carribbean families are headed by lone mothers
  3. social class diversity- diffs in family structure are partly the result of income diff between households of diff social classes
  4. life-stage diversity- fam structures differ according to the stage reached in life cycle e.g young newly weds, retired etc
  5. generational diversity- older and younger gens have diff attitudes and experiences that reflect the time period they have lived in e.g diff views on divorce
58
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what are the characteristics of postmodernity and how do they impact family life?

A
  • rapid social change + diversity and fragmentation= people can now pic and mix chose who they want in their family= own identities + families becomes less stable
59
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is staceys view on postmodern families?

A
  • greter freedom and choice has benifited women- enabled them to free themselves from patriarchal oppression and shape their families to meet their needs
  • used life history interviews to construct case studeies of them- california finding women rather than men have been the main agents of changes in familiy
  • they often created new fam types to meet needs
60
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is the new family type idnetified by stacey?

A

divorce extended family- members are connected by dicorce rather than marriage- usually the woman and former in laws like mother in law or mans ex partner and new wife- they help eachother with childcare etc
* shows how pm families are diverse and are shape depends on the active choice speople make about how to live

61
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is the individualistaion thesis giddens and beck?

A
  • the effects of individual choice on families
  • argues that trad social structures like family have lost much influence over us
  • past- peoples lives were defined by fixed roles preventing us from choosing our life course
  • today- individuals hav efewer fixed roles to follow
  • we have become freed from traditional roles and structures leaving us with more freedom to chose how to lead our lives
  • this has had an impact on familiy diversity
62
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is giddens choice and equality theory?

A
  • family has been transformed by greater choice and more equality between men and women bc of contraception and womens independence= basis of marriage has changed
  • in past family life were held together by external forces like laws govering
  • but today- couples are free ti define their relationships themselves rather than acting out roles defined by law
63
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is the pure relationship giddens?

A

relationships soley exist to satisfy each partners needs
* individual choice and eqaulity is what holds relationships together nowadays
* they’re see as rolling contracts- theyy can be ended by the will of either partener rather then permenant commitment

64
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

why does giddens see same-sex couples as pioneers of new family types?

A

because they are not influenced by tradition- they have been able to develop relationships based on choice rather than tradition

65
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is becks theory of negotiated families?

A
  • we now live in a risk society- tradition has less influence and people have more choice= more aware
  • the trad partirachal family has been undermined by:
    1. greater gender equality- challenged male dominantion
    2. greater individualiam- peoples actions are influenced by calculations of their own self intrest rather than obigation of others
  • this has led to a new family type negotiated family
66
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is the negotiated family according to beck?

A

families that do not conform to the traditional family norm but vay according to the wishes and expectations of the members
* although more equal- they are less stable = this results in greater familiy diversity by creating more lone parent families, remarriages etc

67
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is the zombie family according to beck?

A

family appears to be alive but in reality its dead- people want to be a part of it to have security in an insecure world

68
Q

family diversity- postmodernity and family diversity

what is the connectedness thesis according to smart?

A

an alternative to individualistion thesis- we are fundamentaly social beings whose choices are always made within a web of connectedness
we live within networks of existing relationships and interwoven personal histories- influence our choice and options in relationships e.g extended family are embeded within family connections an dobligations that can restrict freedom and choice

69
Q

family diversity- position of children improved today

what is the link between the connectedness thesis and class and gender?

A
  • they both limit our choices about the kinds of relationships identities and families we can create
  • e.g, after divorce gende rnorms generally dictate the woman shpuld have custody of children limiting thier opportunity to create new realtionships
  • the relativepowerlessness of women and children as comepared to men- may lack freedom to chose so remain in abusive relationships
70
Q

family diversity- position of children improved today

what is the power and structures theory?

A
  • beck and giddens argue that the family has been wekened no longer controllin gour life
  • BUT may- argues structures are not disappearing they are simpely reshaped e.g women con now pursue traditionally masculine goals like careers but remain hetrosexual
71
Q
A
72
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72
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73
Q
A

Sociology (12 decks)

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