FAM14 ETOPS Flashcards

1
Q

What is reqd to be considered for an adequate airport?

A
  1. Airport availability
  2. Over flight and landing authorisation
  3. Ground assistance (I.e atc, met, air information services offices and lighting).
  4. Availability of services to provide at least one app (when used as an adequate airport doesn’t need a ground based navaid).
  5. Required fire services (4 for B737).

Notes: no need for weather assessment, inflight no to comply with rwy pavement classification.

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2
Q

What are the atc requirements?

A

For flight outside of oz territory: adequate airports must have atc or air traffic services available. Call out services within 30mins ok.

For ops within oz, ctaf must have PAL available.

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3
Q

What must be on tech log for etops flight?

A

Tech log must have etops signed off.

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4
Q

What are the Australian rescue and fire fighting services required?

A

For outside of oz min category of 4, 30min call out service is satisfactory to meet adequate requirements.

Inside oz no requirements for arffs.

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5
Q

What is the critical point etops (cpe)?

A

Generally the last equi-time point, a/c must be able to divert to either of 2 airports with reserves intact.

If there is a inter/tempo at either airport this Fuel will be carried as special holding fuel for that particular leg.

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6
Q

Where is the etops entry point?

A

The EEP is the first point on an ETOPS route where the diversion distance associated
with the threshold time from an Adequate Airport is exceeded.
I.e 60 mins

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7
Q

Where is the etops exit point?

A

The EXP is that point on the flight plan after which the aircraft will continually be within
the diversion distance associated with the threshold time from an Adequate Airport until
reaching the destination.

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8
Q

Where is the etops segment?

A

The ETOPS segment starts at the EEP and finishes at the EXP even if the flight plan
route passes within 60 minutes flight time at the OEI speed from an Adequate Airport

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9
Q

What is the definition of 60min diversion distance?

A

The 60 Minutes Diversion Distance is the distance covered in still air and ISA conditions
at the nominated OEI speed. It includes the descent from the initial cruise altitude to the
diversion cruise altitude. It is used for determining ETOPS boundaries from Adequate
Airports.

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10
Q

What is the 60min diversion distance?

A

400nm

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11
Q

What is the oei speed and what is it used for?

A

M.79/310kts
This diversion speed is used in:
• establishing the Area of Operations
• establishing the critical fuel scenario for the single-engine diversion
• establishing the net level-off altitude to safely clear any enroute obstacle by the
appropriate margin.
This speed is planned to be used in case of diversion following an engine failure.
However, the Pilot In Command has the authority to deviate from this planned speed
following assessment of the situation.

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12
Q

What is a nominated adequate airport?

A

Adequate Airport(s) are nominated as required to cover the ETOPS section of the flight.
Such an airport will satisfy weather criteria as specified in the Useable Adequate Airport
definition.
At no stage is there a requirement to notify ATC of the current NomADQs. The Pilot In
Command is only required to contact Flight Dispatch in the event that he/she does not
have a NOTAM/Weather briefing for that airport. This information may also be obtained
from ATC if appropriate.

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13
Q

What a usable adequate airport?

A

A Useable Adequate Airport is an adequate airport that is forecast to satisfy applicable
weather criteria for specified time periods as further defined for the preflight and inflight
cases. It is used to support the ETOPS segment.
The CASA name for such an airport is “ETOPS Alternate.”

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14
Q

Useable adequate preflight requirements?

A

A useable Adequate Airport for dispatch purposes is an airport confirmed:
• available (as per NOTAMs)
• satisfies the ETOPS Adequate Minima requirements for weather minima.
In additions, crosswinds forecasts should be acceptable for an engine inoperative landing the same period.
This period begins 30 minutes before the earliest Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at the airport and ends 30 minutes after the Latest ETA. In addition, crosswind forecasts should be acceptable for an engine inoperative landing for the same period.

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15
Q

What happens if preflight wx forecast is not available for nominated adequate?

A

Preflight, a situation may arise where the weather forecast is not available for a nominated Adequate Airport.
The flight may still depart however:
• Inflight, prior to sole reliance on an airport, a forecast showing weather at or above the Adequate Minima for the applicable period must be obtained.
• Once such a forecast has been obtained, subsequent forecasts need only be assessed against landing minima.

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16
Q

What happens when weather forecast is below minima preflight?

A

Airports whose weather is forecast to be below Adequate Minima will not be used in the flight plan or critical fuel calculations. The flight plan will only be constructed using
Useable Adequate Airports.

17
Q

Requirements for Useable Adequate Airport – Inflight
Prior to EEP?

A

A Useable Adequate Airport is an Adequate Airport forecast to be at or above the landing minima for a period from 30 minutes before the earliest possible time of arrival to 30 minutes after the latest possible time of arrival.
The useability of an Adequate Airport is determined by reference to the lowest landing minima appropriate to the aircraft type, including assessment of the crosswind component for an engine inoperative landing.
The Flight Crew must make every effort to obtain updated weather forecasts for airports used to support ETOPS operations
A situation may arise where the weather for a nominated Adequate Airport is known to be below Landing Minima as the aircraft approaches the EEP

18
Q

What are the 3 diversion strategies?

A

Standard strategy
Obstacle clearance strategy
Fixed speed strategy

19
Q

What does the standard diversion strategy?

A

The Standard Strategy corresponds to a descent at a designated Mach/IAS schedule cruise down to an altitude close to the Long Range Cruise (LRC) ceiling, and a diversion cruise at LRC speed.

20
Q

What does the obstacle clearance diversion strategy involve?

A

The Obstacle Clearance Strategy corresponds to a drift-down at optimum driftdown speed until the obstacles are cleared then adopting the standard strategy.

21
Q

Fixed speed strategy involves?

A

The Fixed Speed Strategy corresponds to a selected speed schedule (one engine inoperative) being followed during both the diversion descent and cruise phases.
In addition, it must be ensured that the net flight path and net ceiling for the selected ETOPS diversion speed will clear any en-route obstacle by the appropriate margin.

22
Q

Which diversion strategy burns most fuel?

A

Fixed speed strategy but give least amount of time.( this strategy is used for flight planning).

Standard strategy burns the least fuel but more time

23
Q

What equipment is required to continue on an etops flight plan before the eep?

A

If a change in any of the following occurs prior to the EEP, the Pilot In Command must plan an alternate course of action or remain Non – ETOPS:
• communications – internationally, an aircraft must be able to maintain constant communications with air traffic services and Flight Dispatch;
• aircraft performance – any change to the performance capability of the aircraft that means a particular adequate aerodrome(s) is no longer usable, e.g. anti-skid inoperative;
• navigation facilities – must be available to enable an approach and landing at the adequate aerodromes; and
• ETOPS required equipment:
– B737 – three generators must be operating prior to passing the EEP
otherwise operate in accordance with FCOM requirements.

If the change in status occurs after the EEP, there is no requirement to plan an alternate course of action.

24
Q

What is a critical systems failure?

A

A Critical System Failure precludes ETOPS operations and requires an enroute diversion if in the ETOPS segment.
A Critical System Failure is:
• engine failure.
• electrical system failures which result in electrical power being available from not more than a single primary source.
Note: Primary electrical sources are engine-driven generators and the APU generator.
-hydraulic system failures that seriously restrict the operation of the a/c.

Notes:
In the event of a critical systems failure, there is no requirement to land at the nearest Adequate Airport. The aircraft may proceed to any Category A, B or C airport which is above landing minima and within the Maximum Diversion Time. It is not realistic to recommend courses of action which will be appropriate for all circumstances. However, the flight time to the airport selected for landing must not exceed the flight time to the nearest Suitable airport unless the diversion to a more distant Suitable airport is deemed a safer course of action after all relevant safety factors have been considered.

25
Q

What are the 2 critical fuel scenarios from the cpe that are considered during the planning stage?

A

Two separate failure cases to be considered are the following with their respective diversion profiles:

  • Aircraft Depressurisation
  • Engine Failure and Aircraft Depressurisation.
26
Q

What is the critical fuel scenario diversion profile?

A

The diversion profile is defined as follows:
• descent at a pre-determined speed to the required diversion flight level
• diversion cruise at a pre-determined speed
• normal descent down to 1,500 ft above the diversion airport
• 15 minutes holding at this altitude
• IFR approach and landing.

27
Q

What are the etops fuel reserves?

A

The ETOPS critical fuel requirement includes the following provisions:
• CPE to the diversion airport (1,500 ft overhead the airport),
• IFR approach and land,
• 15 minutes holding at 1,500 ft
• Special holding fuel as required for INTER/TEMPO
• Tail Number Correction,
• effect of any MEL/CDL item
• APU fuel consumption, if required as a power source.

Note: There is no VFR for ETOPS fuel calculations. To account for errors in windforecasting, a 5% wind speed factor is added to the actual winds used (increment to headwind or decrement to tailwind).

If icing conditions are forecast, allow for the effects of:
• airframe icing and fuel used for engine and wing anti-ice for 10% of the time during which icing is forecast or,
• the fuel used for engine and wing anti-ice for the entire time which icing is forecast.

28
Q

Period of validity required for nominated adequate airport?

A

For each NomADQ, the dispatch weather minima must be valid from 30 minutes before the earliest ETA at the airport and ends 30 minutes after the latest ETA.