Failures of the 1848 Revolutions

Question 1

What are the 5 main reasons for failure of the 1848 Revolutions

Answer 1

Foreign Intervention, Piedmont’s weakness, Lack of Revolutionary support, Pope, Lack of international support

Question 2

Which battles did Austria win that demonstrated their military prowess in Italy. What dates were these battles.

Answer 2

Custozza - July 1848

Novara - March 1849

Question 3

When did the Venetian republic fall to Austria and who was its leader?

Answer 3

August 1849

Daniele Manin

Question 4

What did the Austrians continue to do in the duchies after reclaiming Venetia?

Answer 4

Swept through the duchies restoring monarchs such as Leopold II

Question 5

What laws did Austria set in place in Venice after restoring control?

Answer 5

Counter-Revolutionary methods such as: Censorship, political prisons and secret police.

Question 6

How was Austria’s hinderance to unification limited?

Answer 6

North focused, little impact on the less economically developed southern states.

Question 7

How did the new French emperor Louis Napoleon see the Roman Republic as an oppertunity?

Answer 7

Reclaiming Rome in he name of the Pope would satisfy and gain the support of the French Catholics and prevent Austria from being the sole influence on Italy.

Question 8

How long and with how many troops did it take to French to reclaim Rome?

Answer 8

2 Months, 20,000 Troops.

Question 9

When did the Roman Republic officially fall to the French?

Answer 9

July 1849 - defeated Garibaldis volunteer army.

Question 10

What was the takeaway lesson learnt by Charles Albert and VEII about the failure of the 1848 revolutions?

Answer 10

Foreign Dominance couldn’t be defeated by Piedmont alone, Needed foreign support. And Mazzinism had to be eradicated.

Question 11

What lead maintaining an army difficult for Piedmont?

Answer 11

Lost Catholic Support due to Papal allocution

Charles Albert refused to accept recruits unless they swore allegiance to him.

Question 12

Why could it be said that CA wasn’t interested in the cause of unification, and only supported the 1848 revolutions because of other reasons?

Answer 12

He was intent on preventing Republicanism from Milan and Venice from spreading into Piedmont.

Question 13

Political aims of each state:

Milan and Venice?

Answer 13

Independence and constitution (election to decide assembly.)

Question 14

Political aims of each state:

Sicily, Naples and Duchies?

Answer 14

Secure constitutions.

Question 15

Political aims of each state:

Rome and Venice?

Answer 15

Republics.

Question 16

Political aims of each state:

Piedmont?

Answer 16

Constitution and removal of Austrian influence.

Question 17

What were the reasons for revolt in Sicily?

Answer 17

Food shortages, peasant revolt and parochialism

Question 18

What were the reasons for revolt in Milan?

Answer 18

Middle class revolting about tobacco prices, not nationalism

Question 19

Why was it so easy for France and Austria to divide and conquer Italy with little resistance?

Answer 19

Large and highly apathetic lower class meant risorgimento failed to capture unified spirits and the population was so heavily separated and divided into separate states

Question 20

What percentage of the population spoke Italian?

Answer 20

2%

Question 21

When was Pius IX allocution announced?

Answer 21

April 1848

Question 22

What was stated in the Papal Allocution and what did it mean for nationalists?

Answer 22

Couldn’t be both nationalist and Catholic - Nationalism became anti-Clerical.
Became a religious war and foreign powers got involved to restore the Pope’s temporal power.
Crushed Gioberti’s dream of neo-geulphism

Question 23

How did the Papal Allocution affect Piedmont’s army?

Answer 23

Lost support of popes forces apart from the rebel Durando who ignored orders.
Army lost the blessing of the church so many deserted in the name of Catholicism

Question 24

How did the pope increase negative foreign intervention?

Answer 24

On April 1849 Austrian, French and Neapolitan troops mobilized and were forced to enter the Papal states to tackle the Roman Republic due to an appeal by the pope.

Question 25

What and when was the agreement made between France and Britain directed by Lord Palmerstone?

Answer 25

Armistace of Salasco - August 1848

Question 26

What was the meaning of the Armistace of Salasco and how long did it last?

Answer 26

Agreed that the French and British would become mediators between Italy and Austria
Lasted only 9 months.

Question 27

What mistake did Gioberti make that lead to further Piedmontese failure?

Answer 27

Assumed French would support Piedmont in a war against Austria and that lead to Piedmontese defeat at the battle of Novara in March 1849 because the French did not move.

Question 28

What class divides hindered Sicily from successful revolution?

Answer 28

After revolts, the Middle Class had to control their own peasants even after establishing a provisional government because they were destroying property, freeing prisoners and burning tax records.

Question 29

What did King Ferdinand do that earned him the title of King Bomba?

Answer 29

Dispatches a force of 20,000 to reclaim Sicily and he was successful after a 3 day bombardment. reclaiming Sicily on March 1849

Question 30

What was the attitude of Sicilian moderates that hindered the idea of united population

Answer 30

Francesco Crispi said “The moderates feared the victory of the people more than that of Bourbon troops.”
The moderates just sold their services to the highest bidder and didn’t care about the lower classes.

Question 31

What is an example of Ferdinand’s Political corruption

Answer 31

Had a figurehead PM elected by the people with no real power, still a Dictatorship from Ferdinand. the PMs name was Giustino Fortunato