Failures of the 1848 Revolutions Flashcards
What are the 5 main reasons for failure of the 1848 Revolutions
Foreign Intervention, Piedmont’s weakness, Lack of Revolutionary support, Pope, Lack of international support
Which battles did Austria win that demonstrated their military prowess in Italy. What dates were these battles.
Custozza - July 1848
Novara - March 1849
When did the Venetian republic fall to Austria and who was its leader?
August 1849
Daniele Manin
What did the Austrians continue to do in the duchies after reclaiming Venetia?
Swept through the duchies restoring monarchs such as Leopold II
What laws did Austria set in place in Venice after restoring control?
Counter-Revolutionary methods such as: Censorship, political prisons and secret police.
How was Austria’s hinderance to unification limited?
North focused, little impact on the less economically developed southern states.
How did the new French emperor Louis Napoleon see the Roman Republic as an oppertunity?
Reclaiming Rome in he name of the Pope would satisfy and gain the support of the French Catholics and prevent Austria from being the sole influence on Italy.
How long and with how many troops did it take to French to reclaim Rome?
2 Months, 20,000 Troops.
When did the Roman Republic officially fall to the French?
July 1849 - defeated Garibaldis volunteer army.
What was the takeaway lesson learnt by Charles Albert and VEII about the failure of the 1848 revolutions?
Foreign Dominance couldn’t be defeated by Piedmont alone, Needed foreign support. And Mazzinism had to be eradicated.
What lead maintaining an army difficult for Piedmont?
Lost Catholic Support due to Papal allocution
Charles Albert refused to accept recruits unless they swore allegiance to him.
Why could it be said that CA wasn’t interested in the cause of unification, and only supported the 1848 revolutions because of other reasons?
He was intent on preventing Republicanism from Milan and Venice from spreading into Piedmont.
Political aims of each state:
Milan and Venice?
Independence and constitution (election to decide assembly.)
Political aims of each state:
Sicily, Naples and Duchies?
Secure constitutions.
Political aims of each state:
Rome and Venice?
Republics.
Political aims of each state:
Piedmont?
Constitution and removal of Austrian influence.
What were the reasons for revolt in Sicily?
Food shortages, peasant revolt and parochialism
What were the reasons for revolt in Milan?
Middle class revolting about tobacco prices, not nationalism
Why was it so easy for France and Austria to divide and conquer Italy with little resistance?
Large and highly apathetic lower class meant risorgimento failed to capture unified spirits and the population was so heavily separated and divided into separate states
What percentage of the population spoke Italian?
2%
When was Pius IX allocution announced?
April 1848
What was stated in the Papal Allocution and what did it mean for nationalists?
Couldn’t be both nationalist and Catholic - Nationalism became anti-Clerical.
Became a religious war and foreign powers got involved to restore the Pope’s temporal power.
Crushed Gioberti’s dream of neo-geulphism
How did the Papal Allocution affect Piedmont’s army?
Lost support of popes forces apart from the rebel Durando who ignored orders.
Army lost the blessing of the church so many deserted in the name of Catholicism
How did the pope increase negative foreign intervention?
On April 1849 Austrian, French and Neapolitan troops mobilized and were forced to enter the Papal states to tackle the Roman Republic due to an appeal by the pope.
What and when was the agreement made between France and Britain directed by Lord Palmerstone?
Armistace of Salasco - August 1848
What was the meaning of the Armistace of Salasco and how long did it last?
Agreed that the French and British would become mediators between Italy and Austria
Lasted only 9 months.
What mistake did Gioberti make that lead to further Piedmontese failure?
Assumed French would support Piedmont in a war against Austria and that lead to Piedmontese defeat at the battle of Novara in March 1849 because the French did not move.
What class divides hindered Sicily from successful revolution?
After revolts, the Middle Class had to control their own peasants even after establishing a provisional government because they were destroying property, freeing prisoners and burning tax records.
What did King Ferdinand do that earned him the title of King Bomba?
Dispatches a force of 20,000 to reclaim Sicily and he was successful after a 3 day bombardment. reclaiming Sicily on March 1849
What was the attitude of Sicilian moderates that hindered the idea of united population
Francesco Crispi said “The moderates feared the victory of the people more than that of Bourbon troops.”
The moderates just sold their services to the highest bidder and didn’t care about the lower classes.
What is an example of Ferdinand’s Political corruption
Had a figurehead PM elected by the people with no real power, still a Dictatorship from Ferdinand. the PMs name was Giustino Fortunato
