Failures of Revolutions 1832 (+Secret Societies)

Question 1

What group was especially opposed to Secret Societies??

Answer 1

Pope Pius IIX and The Church

Question 2

What was the typical aims of Secret Societies?

Answer 2

Overthrow the restored Monarchs and drive out the Austrians.

Question 3

Who usually joined Secret Societies?

Answer 3

army officers, students, lawyers, teachers and doctors, all well-educated, mostly middle class. Members were usually patriotic, idealists, dreamers and sometimes criminals.

Question 4

How many members did the Carbonari collate?

Answer 4

60,000 members in Naples, which was about 5% of the adult population.

Question 5

What were the Carbonari’s aims?

Answer 5

Fought to gain constitutions from their Monarchs - influential in the South, spread to Papal States and Piedmont.

Question 6

What 2 societies were dominant in the North?

Answer 6

Federati and Aldelfi

Question 7

What did the Federati and Aldelfi focus on?

Answer 7

Favoured constitutional governments, but was more moderate than the Carbonari. Hated Austria.

Question 8

What were the weaknesses of the Secret Societies?

Answer 8

Unprepared to work together and lacked organisation, small and scattered groups.

Question 9

What happened in France that caused inspiration for revolution in Italy?

Answer 9

1830 French Revolution - lead to Louis Phillipe the more liberal ruler overthrowing Charles X - revolutionists in Italy hoped Phillipe would assist revolution in Italy if it happened.

Question 10

How did revolts in Modena and Parma begin?

Answer 10

Enrico Misley wanted to overthrow Austria, unite Italy with Francis as its head.

Question 11

What was Enrico Misley’s Mistake that perceivably ended initial plans for Revolution in Modena and Parma?

Answer 11

He trusted his ruler Francis IV with the plans who promptly betrayed him and had him arrested.

Question 12

After Misley Was arrested, why was there a gap for revolution to begin in Modena and Parma?

Answer 12

Francis, believing arresting Enrico Misley meant no more revolution, went to Austria to help with Revolution, in his absence the revolutionaries took over establishing a provisional government.

Question 13

What happened in Parma after Modena was seized by revolutionaries?

Answer 13

Student riots demanded a constitution from Duchess Marie-Louise. Provisional Government estalished

Question 14

How did Modena and Parma work together?

Answer 14

After both governments established, they made contact and a joint army commander was appointed

Question 15

What happened to Modena and Parma within a month of their new constituencies being established?

Answer 15

Francis IV returned with an Austrian army and wiped out the Revolutionaries - punishments ensued including imprisonment and executions. Duchess also reappointed.

Question 16

Who rebelled in the Papal States?

Answer 16

professional classes who hated the rule of the Church.

Question 17

Where was an Anti-Clerical provisional government established and when?

Answer 17

1831 Bologna “The Government of Italian Provinces”

Question 18

What were the promises of the “Government of Italian Provinces?”

Answer 18

Elected Assembly, reformed finance system, fairer legal system.

Question 19

What was the downfall of The Bologna provisional government?

Answer 19

Didn’t send troops to aid Modena and were then beaten by the Austrian Troops.

Question 20

How did the societies negatively influence the revolutions?

Answer 20

The societies were successful dreamers and the revolutionaries were too reliant on them when revolting.

Question 21

What geographical reasons caused failure of the 1832 Revolutions?

Answer 21

Parochialism, No organisation between states.

Question 22

What social reasons meant failure of the 1832 revolutions?

Answer 22

Middle Class headed - Revolutionaries were mainly moderate and didn’t use violence.