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Neurobiology > Fail's Exam 1 > Flashcards

Fail's Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the cerebrum

A

consciousness, perception, voluntary movements, and executive functions

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2
Q

brainstem general function

A

homeostatic functions, cranial nerves have sensory/motor function, arousal and sleep, neuronal pathways to/from cerebrum

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3
Q

cerebellum general function

A

motor coordination, timing and planning of complex movements

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4
Q

where are the paleocortex and archicortex found in the brain?

A

cerebral cortex “old cortex”
includes the hippocampus, limbic cortex, and olfactory regions

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5
Q

where is the neocortex found in the brain? what distinguishes it from other kinds of cerebral cortex?

A

found in the cerebral cortex
regional (perception, motor, executive functions, auditory cortex, motor cortex, visual cortex)
histological specialization (6 distinct layers)

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6
Q

Distinguish between an ion channel receptor and a receptor that works through second messengers. How are they similar? How are they different?

A

ion channel - iontropic, fast response

GPCR - metabotropic, slow response, acts by 2nd messengers

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7
Q

What are some of the consequences of activating G-protein linked receptors (what cellular effects might they have)?

A

there is a possibility of many possible behaviors

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8
Q

Distinguish between a ligand-gated ion channel and a voltage-gated ion channel.

A

ligand-gated - requires ligand (NT) to open channel
voltage-gated - requires change in membrane potential to open channel

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9
Q

By what mechanisms are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft? Which are most important*?

A

diffusion
*uptake by surrounding cells
*enzymatic degradation

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10
Q

effect of Fluoxetine (Prozac)

A

prevents the reuptake of serotonin at serotonergic synapses
antidepressant –> keeps serotonin in the synapse = happy

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11
Q

effect of organophosphates

A

inhibit AChE
Ach not being taken back up = increased activity at cholinergic synapses = constant muscle contraction

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12
Q

Describe the relative concentrations of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the intraneuronal versus extracellular fluid.

A

Intraneuronal fluid: high concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+

Extracellular fluid: high concentrations of K+

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13
Q

Define “excitatory” in a neurotransmitter sense. What happens at an excitatory synapse that makes a neuron more likely to produce an action potential?

A

excitatory: depolarization due to influx of Na+ that allows initiation of action potential

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14
Q

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

A

glutamate

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15
Q

Define “inhibitory” in a neurotransmitter sense. What happens at an inhibitory synapse that makes a neuron less likely to produce an action potential?

A

inhibitory: hyperpolarization due to influx of K+, no action potential

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16
Q

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

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17
Q

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

A

glycine

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18
Q

Neurotransmitter: ACh
Iontropic/Metabotropic
Predominant Effect on Postsynaptic Membrane:

A

found at the NMJ
iontropic (nAChR) - conductance for Na & Ca
metabotropic (mAChR) - M2 inhibitory & M3 excitatory

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter: Dopamine
Iontropic/Metabotropic
Predominant Effect on Postsynaptic Membrane:

A

metabotropic (GPCR)
excitatory & inhibitory
motor behavior & mood

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter: GABA
Iontropic/Metabotropic
Predominant Effect on Postsynaptic Membrane:

A

ionotropic (Cl- ion channel)
inhibitory only in the brain

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter: Glutamate
Iontropic/Metabotropic
Predominant Effect on Postsynaptic Membrane:

A

iontropic (AMPA)
iontropic (NMDA) - admits both Na & Ca
metabotropic (GPCR)
excitatory only in CNS

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22
Q

Neurotransmitter: Glycine
Iontropic/Metabotropic
Predominant Effect on Postsynaptic Membrane:

A

ionotropic (Cl- channel)
inhibitory only to the spinal cord

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine
Iontropic/Metabotropic
Predominant Effect on Postsynaptic Membrane:

A

adrenergic receptors (GPCR)
alpha 1, 2 and beta 1 and 2
sympathetic neurons associated with mood, attention, sleep-wake cycles

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24
Q

alpha 1 receptor

A

constriction of smoth m.

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25
Q

alpha 2 receptor

A

primarily inhibitory

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26
Q

beta 1 receptor

A

increase cardiac function (strength of contract & speed of conduction)

27
Q

beta 2 receptor

A

smooth m. relaxation (e.g. bronchial walls)

28
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply to the canine brain.

A

vertebral a.
internal carotid aa.

29
Q

what does the cerebral arterial circle surround

A

optic nn. & chiasm & pituitary on base of brain

30
Q

Rete mirabile

A

modified intracranial parts of internal carotid a.; NOT in dogs or horses; speculations with brain cooling

31
Q

what arteries make up the cerebral arterial circle

A

rostral cerebral aa.
middle cerebral aa.
internal carotid aa.
caudal communicating aa.
caudal cerebral aa.
rostral cerebellar aa.

32
Q

what does the rostral cerebral aa. supply

A

medial aspect of hemisphere

33
Q

what does the middle cerebral aa. supply

A

lateral aspect of cerebrum

34
Q

what does the caudal cerebral aa. supply

A

occipital region (medial & lateral) of cortex

35
Q

what arteries come off the basilar a.

A

labyrinthine aa.
caudal cerebellar aa.

36
Q

main supply to the spinal cord

A

ventral spinal a.

37
Q

what does the central branch of the ventral spinal a. supply

what is its clinical significance

A

gray matter of spinal cord

fibrocartilagenous embolism (FCE)

38
Q

what do the dorsal spinal aa. supply

A

white matter

39
Q

what do the vertebral aa., intercostal aa., lumbar aa., median sacral a. give rise to

A

spinal brr –> radicular brr

40
Q

Name the layers of the meninges and describe their relationships to one another.

A

dura mater - superficial/tough
arachnoid - middle layer, subarachnoid space, connected to dura via fibroblasts and to pia via arachnoid trabeculations
pia mater - deepest laye

41
Q

Describe the anatomical differences between spinal and cranial meninges.

A

Cranial meninges have the two dura mater layers (periosteal and meningeal layers) that are fused except at the dural sinuses
Cranial meninges dural reflections create broad dividing sheets w/in braincase
Cranial epidural space is potential space only
Subarachnoid space has expanded regions “cisternae” in cranial meninges

42
Q

Epidural space of spinal cord

A

real space

43
Q

Subdural space

A

potential

44
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

real

45
Q

epidural space of the cranium

A

normally no epidural space of cranium but can have a epidural hematoma
potential

46
Q

components of choroid plexus

A

capillaries + c.t. + simple cuboidal epithelium with tight junctions

47
Q

why is the choroid plexus endothelium leaky

A

lack of tight junctions

48
Q

difference between the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier

A

BBB has tight junctions on endothelial cells

blood-CSF barriers endothelium is leaky, no astrocytes, but has has tight junctions in choroid epithelium

49
Q

how is CSF produced

A

produced by ependymal of choroid plexus via active secretion and by ependymal which line ventricles

50
Q

Trace CSF’s circulation through the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space and to its ultimate reabsorption back into the circulatory system.

A

CSF circulate through ventricles and central canal
CSF passes through subarachnoid space (high P) via lateral apertures of 4th ventricle
CSF absorption at arachnoid granulations → into venous sinuses (low P) → internal jugular v.
-passive, one-way, dependent on pressure gradient (CSF > venous)

51
Q

Describe how changes in blood osmotic pressure can affect CSF production.

A

CSF production influenced by blood osmotic pressure (Increase in blood osmotic pressure decreases CSF production)

52
Q

what is CSF not influenced by

A

blood pressure or pressure of CNS w/in ventricles

53
Q

Describe how changes in hydrostatic pressure in the venous system can affect CSF reabsorption, with reference to the function of specific anatomical elements.

A

Reabsorption of CSF is dependent on presence of hydrostatic pressure between subarachnoid space (high P) and venous sinus (low P)
- Increase in hydrostatic pressure increases CSF reabsorption
- Increase in venous pressure will decrease CSF reabsorption
CSF reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations into venous sinuses which drain into internal jugular v.

54
Q

Define hydrocephalus. Describe conditions under which it might develop.

A

Hydrocephalus: dilation of ventricular system, “water head”

Obstruction to the outflow of CSF can occur at the arachnoid granulations (e.g.,
as a consequence of meningitis) or somewhere more proximal in the circulation of CSF (e.g., a mass in the midbrain compressing the mesencephalic aqueduct).

55
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

what does it protect the CNS from?

______ makes up tight junctions

where is it found?

A

-barrier between blood and ECF of CNS
- protects CNS from dangerous blood constituents (K, glutamate, albumin)
-astrocytic end feet/pericytes with tight junctions in CNS endothelial cells
-brain & spinal cord

56
Q

What is the blood-CSF barrier?

A

between blood & CSF
tight junctions in epithelium, not endothelium

57
Q

what can pass through the BBB

A

gases, substances with specific transporters (e.g. glucose/AA), lipid-soluble substances, very small molecules

58
Q

major dural sinuses…
falx cerebri has ____ & _____
tentorium cerebelli has ______
diaphragma sellae has _______

A

dorsal sagittal sinus
straight sinus
transverse sinuses
cavernous sinuses

59
Q

what are the dural reflections

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
diaphragma sellae

60
Q

what is the clinical significance of the tenorial incisure (notch)

A

increase intracranial pressure can cause the brain to herniate through the notch compressing the brainstem

61
Q

needle placement for CSF collection in small animals

A

cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna - between cerebellar & medulla)

62
Q

needle placement for CSF collection in large animals

A

cerebellomedullary cistern or lumbar cistern

63
Q

needle placement for epidural anesthesia in small animals

A

L7-S1 epidural space

64
Q

needle placement for epidural anesthesia in large animals

A

Cd1-2 more common than S5-Cd1 epidural space

Neurobiology (9 decks)

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