Exam 2 - ANS

Question 1

M2

Answer 1

inhibitory to heart m., conductile tissue, sympathetic neurons

Question 2

M3

Answer 2

excitatory to parasympathetic GI effects, exocrine glands, cholinergic sympathetics

Question 3

alpha1

Answer 3

excitatory to smooth m. (splanchnic vessels, erector pili, GI sphincters)

Question 4

alpha2

Answer 4

inhibitory to presynaptic/parasynpathetic neurons
most effects are central

Question 5

beta1

Answer 5

excitatory to cardiac m. and conductile tissue

Question 6

beta2

Answer 6

inhibitory to smooth m. (GI, bronchial)

Question 7

sympathetics T1-6

Answer 7

head

Question 8

sympathetics T1-2

Answer 8

eye

Question 9

signs of horner’s syndrome in small animals

Answer 9

miotic pupil
enophthalmos
3rd eyelid protrusion
ptosis

Question 10

signs of horner’s syndrome in horses

Answer 10

hyperhidrosis (excessive sweat)
ipsilateral vasodilation
denervation supersensitivity
circulating epi stimulates sweat

Question 11

early compression of rostral mesencephalon with tentorial herniation

Answer 11

loss of descending inhibition of parasympathetic, thus parasympathetic increase causing pupil to constrict

Question 12

later compression of rostral mesencephalon with tentorial herniation

Answer 12

nucleus becomes compressed, inhibition of parasympathetic increase, sympathetic dominates and pupil dilates

Question 13

clinical presentation of UMN bladder (damage to descending pathways cranial-sacral cord)

Answer 13

medium-small bladder
contracts reflexively, spasmodically
no voluntary expression
hypertonia in m.urethralis
cannot empty effectively which increases risk of UTI

Question 14

clinical presentation of LMN bladder (damage to sacral region or cauda equina)

Answer 14

large, flaccid bladder
distended bladder w/ overflow incontinence
expressed easily via palpation
cannot empty effectively increases risk of UTI