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Neurobiology > Exam 2 Nociception, Analgesics, Audition > Flashcards

Exam 2 Nociception, Analgesics, Audition Flashcards

1
Q

alpha2
location
function

A

central nociceptive pathways

Local dilation of blood vessels & degranulation of mast cells

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2
Q

mu receptor
location
function

A

CNS
Brainstem intrinsic analgesic centers (mu1)
mediate respiratory depression/dorsal horn analgesia (mu2)

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3
Q

kappa receptor
location
function

A

CNS
hallucinations and delirium in people

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4
Q

AMPA receptor
location
function

A

CNS
glutamate receptors that are Na channels

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5
Q

dynorphin
location
function

A

kappa receptors
Inhibit transmission in spinal cord pain pathways, endogenous ligands for kappa receptors

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6
Q

endorphins
location
function

A

PAG axons
anti-nociceptive pathways

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7
Q

enkephalin
location
function

A

dorsal horn interneurons
inhibit transmission in spinal cord pathways

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8
Q

glutamate
location
function

A

WDR neurons
sustained augmented post-synaptic potential

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9
Q

NMDA receptor
location
function

A

WDR neurons
admits Ca and Na to bring closer to threshold

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10
Q

norepinephrine
location
function

A

nucleus raphe magnus
mood, attention, sleep wake cycles

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11
Q

serotonin
location
function

A

nucleus raphe magnus
mood, attention, sleep wake cycle, cardiovascular function

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12
Q

substance P
location
function

A

central nociceptive pathways
local dilation of blood vessels and degranulation of mast cells

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13
Q

pharmacological approaches for analgesics

A

opoids
alpha 2 agonists
local anesthetics
NSAIDs
ketamine

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14
Q

adjunct methods for analgesics

A

sedation
good nursing care (hold small animals)
ice packs
support bandages
complementary techniques (e.g. acupuncture)

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15
Q

is Acepromazine an analgesic?

A

NO

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16
Q

order of neuro-anatomic pain

A

perception
projection
modulation
transmission
transduction

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17
Q

conduction deafness

A

disease affects ability of tympanic membrane or auditory ossicles to transmit vibrations to the vestibular window

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18
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

disease affects spiral organ or more proximal components of auditory system (including the cochlear nerves, brainstem, and auditory cortices)

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19
Q

the most inherited deafness in domestic animals is ______ due to _______

A

sensorineural
degeneration of cochlear hair cells

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20
Q

why is bilateral deafness almost invariably peripheral in origin

A

very hard for central lesions to affect both sides of the pathway

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21
Q

lesion to left auditory cortex

A

not deaf

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22
Q

lesion to axon going to right auditory cortex

A

not deaf

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23
Q

lesion to right lateral lemniscus

A

not deaf

24
Q

lesion to left primary afferent of cochlear n.

A

deaf in left ear

25
Q

bilateral brainstem lesion to caudal colliculi

A

complete deafness in either or both ears

26
Q

ototoxicity

A

toxicity to neural elements of inner ear; irreversible

27
Q

common class of Abx that are associated with ototoxicity

A

aminoglycoside Abx

28
Q

what can infections of the middle ear (otitis media) be associated with

A

dysfunction of parasympathetics: taste rostral 2/3 tongue, salivary glands, nasal glands
dysfunction of sympathetics to eye –> horner’s syndrome

29
Q

diseases of gutteral pouch affect dysfunction in which cranial nerves and fibers

A

VII, IX, X, XI, XII
post sympathetic fibers from cranial cervical ganglion

30
Q

nociception
- definition
- fibers

A

activation of nociceptors that detect noxious stimulus
naked nerve endings, Adelta and C fibers

31
Q

pain definition

A

conscious perception of noxious stimuli

32
Q

reflex to noxious stimuli

A

mydriasis
increased resp and heart rate
activation of HPA axis

33
Q

reaction to noxious stimuli

A

voluntary behavior - whining, biting, vocalizing, withdrawal, escape
hypalgesia, analgesia, anesthesia

34
Q

reticular formation

what is ARAS

A

nuclei in brainstem (medulla –> diencephalon)
regulates heart and resp rates, certain visceral functions, some postural motor systems and maintain wakefulness
ARAS - rostral components, regulates level of consciousness (coma)

35
Q

spinocervicothalamic tract
modality:
location of tract in cord:
axons:
decussation:
somatotopy:
degree of connectivity to RF:
clinical testing:
degree of descending modulation:

A

superficial
lateral cervical nucleus
Adelta
C2-caudal medulla
good
some
light pinch of skin
little

36
Q

spinoreticular tract
modality:
location of tract in cord:
axons:
decussation:
somatotopy:
degree of connectivity to RF:
clinical testing:
degree of descending modulation:

A

deep
lateral and ventral funiculi, associated with gray matter
C
throughout spinal cord
poor
robust
pinch across nailbed
robust

37
Q

which fibers are more susceptible to damage

A

large, thick myelinated fibers
superficial > deep

38
Q

hyperalgesia

A

increased sensitivity to painful stimuli

39
Q

allodynia

A

non-noxious stimulation activates nociceptors (clothes after sunburn)

40
Q

wind up
glutamate AMPA receptors
glutamate NMDA receptors
other NT (substance P, BDNF)

A

increases sensitivity
AMPA - ligand-gated, fast, causes depolarization
NMDA - ligand-gated, requires depolarization, allows conductance of Ca, more sensitive, hours-days
substance P, BNDF - GPCR, slow, long term change in genetic expression, chronic - months+

41
Q

referred pain

A

noxious stimuli originating in viscera
WDR neurons

42
Q

gate control theory

A

decreases sensitivity
primary afferent (noxious) C fiber synapse on WDR neuron
primary afferent (non-noxious) synapses on WDR neurons and inhibitory interneuron
leads to inhibition of pain

43
Q

periaqueductal grey (PAG)

A

release endorphins & opioids
stimulates dorsal horn interneurons to release enkephalin & dynorphin

44
Q

descending brainstem pathways involved in the endogenous control of pain

A

periaqueductal grey (PAG)
nucleus raphe magnus

45
Q

nucleus raphe magnus

A

release serotonin & NE
stimulates dorsal horn interneurons to release enkephalin & dynorphin

46
Q

preemptive analgesia

A

nerve blocks or other analgesics pre- or intra- operatively as a preemptive strike against development of wind up in surgery

47
Q

neuropathic pain

characteristics

A

pain results from trauma, vascular injury, endocrinopathy, infection

hyperalgesia, allodynia, dysethesia

48
Q

modulate or prevent transduction at the nociceptor/ inflammatory effects on sensitivity of nociceptors (increase nociception)

A

NSAIDs

49
Q

recruit neuroanatomical substrate of gate control theory (decrease nociception)

A

acupuncture
TENS
massage

50
Q

prevent spinal cord sensitization “spinal facilitation of pain (“wind up”)” (increase nociception)

A

nerve blocks
NMDA antagonists

51
Q

augment descending modulator pathways

A

opoids
alpha2 agonists

52
Q

reduce the cortical perception of pain

A

sedatives

53
Q

opoids and opoid receptors

A

mu - brainstem intrinsic analgesic
delta - bind enkephalins
kappa - dynorphin

54
Q

gabapentin

A

GABA - inhibitory; blocks Ca channels

55
Q

subalbinism deafness linked to a lack of ______

what is its functions

A

stria vascularis (vascularized epithelium responsible for healthy survival of hair cells, neurotrophic substances produced by melanocytes & production of endolymph)

56
Q

the most effective analegsic protocols combine several approaces, a so-called _________ apprach to pain relief

A

multimodal

Neurobiology (9 decks)

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