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Neurobiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the diencephalon

A

II

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2
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the mesencephalon (midbrain)

A

III, IV

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3
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the pontomedullary junction

A

V, VI

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4
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the medulla

A

VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

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5
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the foramina of ethmoid bone

A

I

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6
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the optic canal

A

II

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7
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the orbital fissure

A

III, IV, ophthalmic, VI

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8
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the round foramen

A

maxillary br of V

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9
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the oval foramen

A

mandibular br of V

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10
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the internal acoustic meatus

A

VII, VIII

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11
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the jugular foramen

A

IX, X, XI

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12
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the hypoglossal canal

A

XII

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13
Q

carnivores bony orbit

A

incomplete bony orbit

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14
Q

horses and ruminants bony orbit

A

complete bony orbit

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15
Q

optic canal has what vessels and nerves in carnivores, horses and ruminants

A

optic n.
internal ophthalmic a.

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16
Q

orbital fissure has what vessels and nerves in carnivores

A

cr.n. III, IV, ophthalmic, VI
anastomotic a.

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17
Q

orbital fissure has what nerves in horses

A

cr.n. III, IV, ophthalmic, VI

IV sometimes has its own foramen

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18
Q

foramen orbitorotundum has what vessels and nerves and in what species

A

ruminants only
orbital fissure + round foramen
cr.n. III, IV, VI, ophthalmic and maxillary
maxillary a.

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19
Q

supraorbital foramen is in what species and has what nerves and vessels

A

horses and ruminants
supraorbital n.
supraorbital a. & v.

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20
Q

blood supply to the eye arises from branches of ________

A

internal & external ophthalmic aa.

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21
Q

external ophthalmic aa. supplies ______

A

eyeball, extraocular eye muscles and adjacent structures

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22
Q

long posterior ciliary aa. run along ________

A

optic n.

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23
Q

short posterior ciliary aa. supply ________

A

vascular coat of the eye & uvea

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24
Q

anterior ciliary aa. supply ______

A

iris, limbic region of the eye
anastomosis with long posterior ciliary aa.

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25
Q

what is the major arterial circle

A

the aa entering the iris from the margins
animal eye much more vascular

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26
Q

three routes that venous blood leaves the orbit

A
  1. angular v. of the eye
  2. ophthalmic plexus
  3. ventral external ophthalmic v.
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27
Q

angular v. of the eye drains –>

A

facial v.

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28
Q

ophthalmic plexus drains –>

A

cavernous sinus

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29
Q

ventral external ophthalmic v. drains –>

A

deep facial v.

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30
Q

how can infection of the face migrate inside the braincase

A

through the venous system because these valves are valveless

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31
Q

why do albino/subalbino animals have “red eyes”

A

non-tapetal region have decreased/no melanin (pigment epithelium unpigmented) so blood vessels of choroid coat are prominent

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32
Q

parasympathetics and sympathetics innervation of the eye

A

parasympathetics: parasymp. nucleus of III, oculomotor n., ciliary ganglion

sympathetics: spinal cord segments T1-2, cranial cervical ganglion

33
Q

three layers of the precorneal tear film and their respective glands

A

oil layer - meibomian glands
aqueous layer - lacrimal gland & gland of third eyelid
mucoid layer - mucous glands of conjunctiva (goblet cells)

34
Q

functions of the precorneal tear film (5)

A

rinses foreign debris
lubricates
medium for diffusion
migration of inflam cells
smooth surface to cornea

35
Q

innervation of levator palpebrae superoris m.

A

oculomotor n.

36
Q

innervation of m. rectus dorsalis

A

oculomotor n.

37
Q

innervation of m. rectus ventralis

A

oculomotor n.

38
Q

innervation of m. rectus lateralis

A

abducent n.

39
Q

innervation of m. rectus medialis

A

oculomotor n.

40
Q

innervation of m. obliquus dorsalis

A

trochlear n.

41
Q

innervation of m. obliquus ventralis

A

oculomotor n.

42
Q

path of light

A

cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous body
retina
unpigmented pigment epithelium
tapetum
choroid

43
Q

anatomy of the cornea

A

precorneal tear film
anterior epithelium
stroma
descemete’s membrane
endothelium

44
Q

corneal transparency function of ______

A

avascular tissue
unpigmented
dehydration of tissue
smooth optic surface from tear film
regular, laminar collagen

45
Q

glaucoma

A

obstruction of filtration angle that prevents outflow of aqueous humor increasing intraocular pressure –> blindness

46
Q

retina develops from what embryonic structure

A

optic cup

47
Q

lens develops from what embryonic structure

A

optic vesicle + ectoderm = lens placode = lens

48
Q

optic n. develops from what embryonic structure

A

diencephalon connection = optic stalk = optic n.

49
Q

define coloboma

A

failure of choroid fissure to close completely during development

50
Q

parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
hypothalamus
amygdala
fornix

51
Q

limbic system creates complex behaviors with what structures? their function?

A

neocortex: consciousness, perception
hypothalamus: drives and physiological change
amygdala: emotional memory

52
Q

ARAS role in consciousness

A

ascending reticular activating system: nuclei in brainstem that receive collaterals from all sensory projection pathways and use this neuronal activity to increase diffusely the level of arousal in cerebral cortex

53
Q

consciousness components

A

cortex + ARAS

54
Q

levels of consciousness

A

alert
obtunded
stuporous
comatose
delirious

55
Q

define alert

A

normally responsive to environment

56
Q

define obtunded

A

withdrawn but still responsive

57
Q

define stuporous

A

unresponsive except to painful stimuli

58
Q

define comatose

A

non-responsive to all stimuli except reflex

59
Q

define delirious

A

responds abnormally

60
Q

list behaviors/postures associated with dementia or other derangement of consciousness

A

compulsive wandering
head pressing
somnolence
abnormal vocalization
circling

61
Q

three parts of any seizure

A

aura (altered behavior, sec-min, alteration sensation/emotion)
ictus (max activity, 1+ changes, 1-2min)
post-ictus (confusion, disoriented, cortical blindness, wandering, min-hrs)

62
Q

simple partial seizure

A

focal/partial seizure
no loss of consciousness

63
Q

complex partial seizure

A

focal/partial seizure
altered consciousness - limbic focus - psychomotor seizure

64
Q

convulsive seizure

A

generalized seizure
most common in vetmed
“grand mal seizure”
consciousness altered, lost bilateral motor activity, tonic (hyperextension), clonic (paddling, chewing), ANS activity

65
Q

non-convulsive seizure

A

generalized seizure
rarely in animals
consciousness altered, no collapse “petit mal”

66
Q

main strategies for seizure control

A

decrease glutamate
increase GABA

67
Q

what cells of the retina whose axons become the optic nerve

A

ganglion cell axons

68
Q

four different targets of axons within the optic n.

A

lateral geniculate nucleus
rostral colliculus
pretectal nucleus
suprachiasmatic nucleus

69
Q

LGN purpose of retinal information

A

relays to primary visual cortex in occipital lobes

70
Q

rostral colliculus purpose of retinal information

A

visual grasp reflex (head moves in response to visual, auditory or somatosensory input)

71
Q

pretectal nucleus purpose of retinal information

A

PLR

72
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus purpose of retinal information

A

circadian and seasonal rhythms

73
Q

conscious visual pathway

A

nasal hemiretina (contralaterla)
temporal hemiretina (ipsilateral)
optic n.
optic chiasm
optic tract
LGN
pretectal nuclei
parasympathetic nucleus of III
oculomotor n.
ciliary ganglion
pupillary constrictor mm.

74
Q

unilateral injury to one visual cortex or optic tract or LGN will produce deficits in the _______ half of the visual filed in _____ eye(s)

A

contralateral

both

75
Q

fibrous tunic components

A

sclera + cornea

76
Q

vascular tunic components

A

“uvea”
anterior uvea = iris + ciliary body
posterior uvea = choroid

77
Q

nervous tunic

A

retina

78
Q

the lens _______ throughout life

what is the term for compression of the center of the lens

what is the term for opacity of lens or capsule

A

continues to grow throughout life - more fibers added to cortex

lenticular (nuclear) sclerosis

cataract

79
Q

conscious processes are in the _____ hemisphere

A

contralateral

Neurobiology (9 decks)

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