Factors Modifying Drug Dose and Response

Question 1

What are the factors related to the animal?

Answer 1

1: Species, breed, individual
2: Body weight, age, sex, temperament
3: Idiosyncrasy
4: Hypersensitivity
5: Disease
6: Tolerance

Question 2

What are the factors related to the drug?

Answer 2

1: Route and timing of administration
2: Cumulation
3: Drug-drug interaction

Question 3

What are the factors related to the environment?

Answer 3

1: Ambient temperature
2: Humidity
3: Oxygen
4: Exposure to light

Question 4

What are the species differences?

Answer 4

1: Anatomic
2: Physiologic
3: Biochemical

Question 5

What are the anatomical differences?

Answer 5

Digestive tract of ruminants vs. non-ruminants

Question 6

What are the physiological differences?

Answer 6

1: Salivary enzymes
2: Urine pH

Question 7

What are the biochemical differences?

Answer 7

1: Metabolic
2: Plasma protein binding
3: Presence of receptors

Question 8

True or false: Cats have salivary amylase.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Cat urine is more _____.

Answer 9

Acidic

Question 10

Dog and horse urine is more _____.

Answer 10

Basic

Question 11

True or False: Cats are deficient in certain drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is the pH of the rumen?

Answer 12

~6.0pH

Question 13

What is the pH of the monogastric stomach?

Answer 13

~2-3pH

Question 14

Which type of breeds are more sensitive to many drugs?

Answer 14

Herding breeds (Collies, sheepdogs, etc…)

Question 15

What drug is a class example of herding breed sensitivity?

Answer 15

Ivermectin

Question 16

Which type of dogs are sensitive to phenothiazines?

Answer 16

Brachycephalic (boxers, bulldogs, pugs, etc…)

Question 17

True or False: Severe dehydration causes a decrease in weight.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Newborn and pediatric animals have what factors that need to be considered?

Answer 18

Decreased metabolism, excretion, plasma protein binding, blood-brain barrier function.
Increased total body water
Growth and susceptibility to adverse drug effects

Question 19

Geriatric animal have what factors that need to be considered?

Answer 19

Decreased metabolic enzymes, hepatic blood flow, renal function, cardiac output, total body water, plasma protein, lean body mass.
Increased body fat, distribution
Presence of chronic disease

Question 20

What sex factor affect drugs?

Answer 20

1: Females have a greater fat to lean body mass compared to mature males
2: Pregnancy increases the volumes of distribution
3: Lactation leads to some drugs being trapped in the milk

Question 21

How does aggression affect drug dosage?

Answer 21

Higher dosage may be needed when using sedative and tranquilizers

Question 22

How does docility affect drugs dosage?

Answer 22

May not require full dose sedation in some cases

Question 23

What is an idiosyncratic drug reaction?

Answer 23

An individual drug sensitivity

Question 24

Define idiosyncratic reactions.

Answer 24

Uncommon genetically determined and unpredictable abnormal drug responses.

Question 25

True or False: Idiosyncratic drug reactions are dose-dependent.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What is a drug hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 26

An allergic drug reaction.

Question 27

Drugs in a hypersensitivity reaction can act as _____ or _____.

Answer 27

Antigens | Haptans

Question 28

Prior exposure to drugs that act like _____ is required to cause a hypersensitivity reaction.

Answer 28

Antigens

Question 29

What happens with hepatic dysfunction?

Answer 29

1: Can't metabolize most drugs normally 2: Decreased drug metabolism

Question 30

What happens with renal insufficiency?

Answer 30

1: Can't excrete most drugs via the kidney and into the urine normally 2: Decreased drug excretion

Question 31

What happens in congestive heart failure?

Answer 31

1: Can't pump drugs to the site of action, metabolism, or excretion normally. 2: Decreased renal excretion

Question 32

Define drug tolerance.

Answer 32

An unusual resistance to ordinary drug dose

Question 33

What are the types of tolerances?

Answer 33

1: Natural 2: Acquired 3: Cross 4: Tachyphylaxis

Question 34

Define cross-tolerance.

Answer 34

Drugs in the same class

Question 35

Define tachyphylaxis tolerance.

Answer 35

Acute acquired tolerance

Question 36

What are the factors related to the drug?

Answer 36

1: Route of administration 2: Timing of administration

Question 37

Define accumulation.

Answer 37

Occurs when the ate of elimination is slower than rate of absorption.

Question 38

Drug accumulation can be modified due to _____.

Answer 38

Factors related to the animal

Question 39

Define drug-drug interactions.

Answer 39

The administration of drugs concurrently or sequentially

Question 40

What are the types of drug-drug interactions?

Answer 40

1: Summation 2: Potentiation 3: Synergism 4: Antagonism

Question 41

What is summation?

Answer 41

Effects of the drugs are added together

Question 42

What happens in potentiation?

Answer 42

Intensification of drug effects

Question 43

What happens in synergism?

Answer 43

Exaggeration of drug effects

Question 44

What happens in antagonism?

Answer 44

Drug decreases effect of another drug

Question 45

What happens in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 45

1: Absorption 2: Distribution 3: Biotransformation 4: Excretion

Question 46

What happens in pharmacodynamics?

Answer 46

1: Drugs act on the same receptors 2: Drugs act on different receptors

Question 47

What are the types of drug incompatibility?

Answer 47

1: Physical 2: Chemical

Question 48

What are the environmental factors that effect drugs?

Answer 48

1: Ambient temperature 2: Humidity 3: Oxygen 4: Exposure to light