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Pharmacology > Factors Modifying Drug Dose and Response > Flashcards

Factors Modifying Drug Dose and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors related to the animal?

A

1: Species, breed, individual
2: Body weight, age, sex, temperament
3: Idiosyncrasy
4: Hypersensitivity
5: Disease
6: Tolerance

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2
Q

What are the factors related to the drug?

A

1: Route and timing of administration
2: Cumulation
3: Drug-drug interaction

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3
Q

What are the factors related to the environment?

A

1: Ambient temperature
2: Humidity
3: Oxygen
4: Exposure to light

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4
Q

What are the species differences?

A

1: Anatomic
2: Physiologic
3: Biochemical

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5
Q

What are the anatomical differences?

A

Digestive tract of ruminants vs. non-ruminants

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6
Q

What are the physiological differences?

A

1: Salivary enzymes
2: Urine pH

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7
Q

What are the biochemical differences?

A

1: Metabolic
2: Plasma protein binding
3: Presence of receptors

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8
Q

True or false: Cats have salivary amylase.

A

False

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9
Q

Cat urine is more _____.

A

Acidic

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10
Q

Dog and horse urine is more _____.

A

Basic

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11
Q

True or False: Cats are deficient in certain drug-metabolizing enzymes.

A

True

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12
Q

What is the pH of the rumen?

A

~6.0pH

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13
Q

What is the pH of the monogastric stomach?

A

~2-3pH

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14
Q

Which type of breeds are more sensitive to many drugs?

A

Herding breeds (Collies, sheepdogs, etc…)

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15
Q

What drug is a class example of herding breed sensitivity?

A

Ivermectin

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16
Q

Which type of dogs are sensitive to phenothiazines?

A

Brachycephalic (boxers, bulldogs, pugs, etc…)

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17
Q

True or False: Severe dehydration causes a decrease in weight.

A

True

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18
Q

Newborn and pediatric animals have what factors that need to be considered?

A

Decreased metabolism, excretion, plasma protein binding, blood-brain barrier function.
Increased total body water
Growth and susceptibility to adverse drug effects

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19
Q

Geriatric animal have what factors that need to be considered?

A

Decreased metabolic enzymes, hepatic blood flow, renal function, cardiac output, total body water, plasma protein, lean body mass.
Increased body fat, distribution
Presence of chronic disease

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20
Q

What sex factor affect drugs?

A

1: Females have a greater fat to lean body mass compared to mature males
2: Pregnancy increases the volumes of distribution
3: Lactation leads to some drugs being trapped in the milk

21
Q

How does aggression affect drug dosage?

A

Higher dosage may be needed when using sedative and tranquilizers

22
Q

How does docility affect drugs dosage?

A

May not require full dose sedation in some cases

23
Q

What is an idiosyncratic drug reaction?

A

An individual drug sensitivity

24
Q

Define idiosyncratic reactions.

A

Uncommon genetically determined and unpredictable abnormal drug responses.

25
Q

True or False: Idiosyncratic drug reactions are dose-dependent.

A

False

26
Q

What is a drug hypersensitivity reaction?

A

An allergic drug reaction.

27
Q

Drugs in a hypersensitivity reaction can act as _____ or _____.

A

Antigens

Haptans

28
Q

Prior exposure to drugs that act like _____ is required to cause a hypersensitivity reaction.

A

Antigens

29
Q

What happens with hepatic dysfunction?

A

1: Can’t metabolize most drugs normally
2: Decreased drug metabolism

30
Q

What happens with renal insufficiency?

A

1: Can’t excrete most drugs via the kidney and into the urine normally
2: Decreased drug excretion

31
Q

What happens in congestive heart failure?

A

1: Can’t pump drugs to the site of action, metabolism, or excretion normally.
2: Decreased renal excretion

32
Q

Define drug tolerance.

A

An unusual resistance to ordinary drug dose

33
Q

What are the types of tolerances?

A

1: Natural
2: Acquired
3: Cross
4: Tachyphylaxis

34
Q

Define cross-tolerance.

A

Drugs in the same class

35
Q

Define tachyphylaxis tolerance.

A

Acute acquired tolerance

36
Q

What are the factors related to the drug?

A

1: Route of administration
2: Timing of administration

37
Q

Define accumulation.

A

Occurs when the ate of elimination is slower than rate of absorption.

38
Q

Drug accumulation can be modified due to _____.

A

Factors related to the animal

39
Q

Define drug-drug interactions.

A

The administration of drugs concurrently or sequentially

40
Q

What are the types of drug-drug interactions?

A

1: Summation
2: Potentiation
3: Synergism
4: Antagonism

41
Q

What is summation?

A

Effects of the drugs are added together

42
Q

What happens in potentiation?

A

Intensification of drug effects

43
Q

What happens in synergism?

A

Exaggeration of drug effects

44
Q

What happens in antagonism?

A

Drug decreases effect of another drug

45
Q

What happens in pharmacokinetics?

A

1: Absorption
2: Distribution
3: Biotransformation
4: Excretion

46
Q

What happens in pharmacodynamics?

A

1: Drugs act on the same receptors
2: Drugs act on different receptors

47
Q

What are the types of drug incompatibility?

A

1: Physical
2: Chemical

48
Q

What are the environmental factors that effect drugs?

A

1: Ambient temperature
2: Humidity
3: Oxygen
4: Exposure to light

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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