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Pharmacology > Drugs Affecting the PNS (Part 1) > Flashcards

Drugs Affecting the PNS (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

The autonomic nervous system innervates organs with _____.

A

Involuntary functions

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2
Q

Autonomic function = _____.

A

No control

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3
Q

Most organs have _____ control.

A

Dual, having inout from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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4
Q

What is the visible effect on organs at any given time?

A

The net input between the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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5
Q

Define resting tone.

A

The resting level of activity in the normal animal

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6
Q

The somatic nervous system innervates organs with _____.

A

Voluntary functions

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7
Q

Somatic function = _____.

A

Conscious control

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8
Q

The autonomic nervous system originates in the _____.

A

CNS

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9
Q

What regions of the body does the parasympathetic system originate from?

A

Craniosacral

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10
Q

What regionals of the body does the sympathetic system originate from?

A

Thoracolumbar

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11
Q

What does medullary outflow deal with?

A

Cranial nerves

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12
Q

What does sacral outflow deal with?

A

S2-S4 sacral spinal segments

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13
Q

What is included in craniosacral?

A

1: Medullary outflow
2: Sacral outflow
3: Long pre-ganglionic neuron
4: Short post-ganglionic neuron

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14
Q

What is included in thoracolumbar?

A

1: Spinal segments along the T-L region
2: Short pre-ganglionic neuron
3: Long post-ganglionic neuron

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15
Q

What is the pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter for the PSNS?

A

Acetylcholine (nicotinic)

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16
Q

What is the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter for the PSNS?

A

Acetylcholine (muscarinic)

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17
Q

What is the pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter for the SNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

What is the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter for the SNS?

A

Norepinephrine

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19
Q

Where is acetylcholine released from?

A

Pre-ganglionic neuron

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20
Q

What is acetylcholine broken down by?

A

Cholinesterases

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21
Q

Where is norepinephrine released from?

A

Synaptic nerve endings

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22
Q

Where is epinephrine released from?

A

Adrenal glands

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23
Q

What are some the other important neurotransmitters we discussed?

A

1: Dopamine
2: Histamine
3: Serotonin
4: Nitrix Oxide (NO)

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24
Q

What are the important PNS receptors?

A

1: Cholinergic
2: Adrenergic
3: Other - Vasopressin

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25
Q

What are the subgroups of the cholinergic receptor?

A

1: Nicotinic
2: Muscarinic

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26
Q

What are the subgroups of the adrenergic receptor?

A

1: Alpha
2: Beta

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27
Q

Acetylcholine is a _____.

A

Agonist

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28
Q

Nicotinic receptors are _____.

A

Ionotropic receptors

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29
Q

Muscarinic receptors are _____.

A

Metabotropic receptors

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30
Q

What are the subtypes of nicotinic receptors we discussed?

A

Nm - Meuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Nn - CNS and autonomic ganglia

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31
Q

What effects do muscarinic receptor produce?

A

Parasympathomimetic effects

32
Q

What are the subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1-M5

33
Q

Which of the muscarinic receptors are stimulatory?

A

M1, M3 and M5

34
Q

Which of the muscarinic receptors are inhibitory?

A

M2 and M4

35
Q

What are the most common locations for M1 muscarinic receptors?

A

1: Smooth muscle of the GI tract
2: Smooth muscles of the urinary bladder
3: Myocardium
4: Exocrine Glands

36
Q

What effects do M1 muscarinic receptors have on the smooth muscle of the GI tract?

A

1: Increase in gastric secretion
2: Smooth muscle contratcion

37
Q

What effects do M1 muscarininc receptors have on the myocardium?

A

Decreases heart rate

38
Q

What effects do M1 muscarinic receptors have on the exocrine glands?

A

Increase in exocrine secretions

39
Q

What are the SLUDD signs?

A

1: Salivation
2: Lacrimation
3: Urination
4: Digestion
5: Defecation

40
Q

Cathecholamines are _____.

A

Agonists

41
Q

What are the alpha and beta receptor?

A

Metabotropic g-coupled receptors

42
Q

What are the alpha receptors?

A

1: Alpha-1
2: Alpha-2

43
Q

What are the beta receptors?

A

1: Beta-1
2: Beta-2

44
Q

Describe the alpha-1 receptors.

A

1: Most common
2: Vascular smooth muscle
3: Vasoconstriction
4: Increase blood pressure (MAP)
5: Mydriasis
6: Sphincter contraction of urinary bladder and GI tract
7: Glycogenolysis

45
Q

Describe the alpha-2 receptors.

A

1: Brain and spinal cord
2: Vascular endothelium
3: Endocrine organs
4: Decrease insulin
5: Decrease renin
6: Decrease NE release
7: Decrease pancreatic secretion

46
Q

Describe the beta-1 receptors.

A

1: Myocardium
2: Adipose tissue
3: Increase heart rate
4: Increase cardiac contractility
5: Lipolysis
6: Smooth muscle relaxation
7: Increase renin – > Increase Blood pressure

47
Q

Describe the beta-2 receptors.

A

1: Airway smooth muscle
2: Vascular smooth muscle
3: Bronchodilation
4: Vasodilation
5: Smooth muscle relaxation
6: Increase blood to skeletal muscle
7: Cycloplegia
8: Glycogenolysis
9: Increase insulin
10: Increase NE release

48
Q

Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Arginine vasopressin (AVP) are _____

A

Vasopressin receptors

49
Q

Where are Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Arginine vasopressin (AVP) synthesized?

A

Hypothalamus

50
Q

Where are Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Arginine vasopressin (AVP) stored?

A

Pituitary

51
Q

What are Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Arginine vasopressin (AVP) released from and what are they released into?

A

Vesicles into circulation

52
Q

Why are Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Arginine vasopressin (AVP) released?

A

In response to extracellular fluid hypertonicity

53
Q

What are the vasopressin receptors?

A

V1-V3

54
Q

What are the main effects of Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Arginine vasopressin (AVP)?

A

1: Increases the amount of solute-free water reabsorbed back into circulation by renal tubular cells — > main site of action is collecting ducts
2: Arteriolar vasoconstriction —> increases peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)

55
Q

Describe V1 receptors.

A

1: Vascular smooth muscle vasoconstriction and preferentially shunts blood to the CNS and heart
2: Aggregation of platelets
3: Inhibits renin release in juxtoglomerular cells

56
Q

Describe V2 receptors.

A

1: Increase water permeability, aquaporins and urea ports in the renal collecting ducts
2: vWF release in endothelial cells
3: Aggregation of platelets
4: Vasodilation of vascular endothelium

57
Q

Describe V3 receptors.

A

Negative feedback for ADH and stimulates ACTH release in pituitary gland

58
Q

How are autonomic drugs classified?

A

1: Mimetics
2: Lytics

59
Q

Define mimetics.

A

Drugs that stimulate (mimic) autonomic input or effects

60
Q

Define lytics

A

Drugs that block (lyse) autonomic input or effects

61
Q

Direct-acting autonomic drugs are _____ and _____.

A

Agonists and Antagonists

62
Q

Direct-acting autonomic drugs act _____.

A

Directly on the receptor

63
Q

Indirect-acting autonomic drugs have _____.

A

Non-receptor interactions

64
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the eye?

A

1: Relaxation of ciliary muscle
2: Contraction of the iris radial muscle
3: Decrease aqueous humor production

65
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the eye?

A

1: Contraction of ciliary muscle
2: Contraction of the iris sphincter muscle

66
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the heart?

A

1: Increased heart rate
2: Increased contractility
3: Increased automaticity and conduction of AV node

67
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the heart?

A

1: Decreased heart rate
2: Decreased contractility
3: Decreased AV node conduction

68
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the vasculature?

A

1: Vasoconstriction (Alpha-1 and V1)
2: Vasodilation (Beta-2 and V2)
3: Various vasoconstriction and vasodilation (Alpha-2)

69
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the vasculature?

A

1: Indirect vasodilation through release of NO

70
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the the lung?

A

1: Bronchodilation (Beta-2)
2: Increase in cilia synchronicity (Beta-2)
3: Increase pulmonary blood flow (Beta-1)

71
Q

What are the para sympathetic effects on the lung?

A

1: Bronchoconstriction
2: Increase respiratory secretions

72
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the GI tract?

A

1: Decrease motility
2: Closure of sphincters and increased tone
3: Inhibit secretion
(All by Alpha-1, Beta-1 and Beta-2)

73
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the GI tract?

A

1: Increase motility
2: Relaxation of sphincters and decreased tone
3: Stimulate secretion
(All by M1)

74
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the urinary bladder?

A

1: Relaxation of detrusor muscle (Beta-2)
2: Contraction of internal urethral sphincter ( Alpha-1)

75
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the urinary bladder?

A

1: Contraction of detrusor muscle
2: Relaxation of internal urethral sphincter
(All by M1)

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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