Factors influencing health status and burden of disease (AOS_1)

Question 1

define smoking

Answer 1

• relates to the use of tobacco, but can also include marijuana and other drugs
• A range of interventions contributed to the decrease in smoking, including advertising bans, price increases, and media campaigns

Question 2

how does smoking lead to burden of disease

Answer 2

• Cardiovascular disease
  
  • Cancers (lung, mouth, stomach)
  • Respiratory conditions (asthma)
  • Prenatal and infant outcomes (low birth weight, increased risk of premature death)
• increased risk of infections

Question 3

define alcohol

Answer 3

• can form an integral part of society and culture
  
  • Alcoholism is when a person can’t stop drinking once they have started or has a constant desire to drink alcohol
• Binge drinking is defined as drinking seven or more standard drinks for males or five or more standard drinks for females in one sitting

Question 4

how does alcohol lead to burden of disease

Answer 4

• liver diseases
• prenatal/infancy health concerns
• cardiovascular disease
• injuries
• cancer
• mental health issues

Question 5

define high body mass index

Answer 5

• assessments about body mass are made using the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference
• BMI doesn’t take fat distribution into account but it is useful as an overall indicator for groups and populations
• waist circumference is being used more often

Question 6

BMI formula and classifications

Answer 6

• weight (kg)/[height (m)]2
• under 18.5 –> under weight
• 18.6-24.9 –> healthy weight
• 25-29.9 –> overweight
• 30 and over –> obese

Question 7

how does high body mass index contribute to burden of disease

Answer 7

• Cardiovascular disease
  
  • Cancers
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Arthritis and osteoporosis
  • Mental health conditions
  • Kidney disease
  • Asthma
• Maternal health conditions

Question 8

define under consumption of vegetables and how does it contribute to burden of disease

Answer 8

• They are high in minerals and vitamins (such as magnesium, vitamin C and folate), low in kilojoules, and high in dietary fibre and antioxidants
  
  • High body mass index and associated conditions
  • Various cancers
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Neural tube defects
• Decrease in immune system function

Question 9

define under consumption of fruit and how does it contribute to burden of disease

Answer 9

• provide a range of essential nutrients including vitamins, minerals and fibre, while being low in fat and a good source of antioxidants
  
  • High body mass index and associated conditions
  • Various cancers
  • Cardiovascular disease
• Neural tube defects

Question 10

under consumption of dairy and how does it contribute to burden of disease

Answer 10

• main nutritional contribution of dairy is the provision of calcium
  
  • Osteoporosis
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Type 2 diabetes
• Dental caries

Question 11

high intake of salt and how does it contribute to burden of disease

Answer 11

• main component of salt is sodium
• increase blood volume and hypertension
• cardiovascular disease
• osteoporosis

Question 12

define high intake of fat

Answer 12

• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also known as ‘bad’ cholesterol
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL), also known as ‘good’ cholesterol
• healthier fats: monounsaturated and polysaturated
• unhealthy fats: saturated and trans

Question 13

how does high intake of fat contribute to burden of disease

Answer 13

• High body mass index and associated conditions
  
  • Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
  • Colorectal cancer
• Type 2 diabetes

Question 14

define high intake of sugar and how does it contribute to burden of disease

Answer 14

• type of carbohydrate found naturally in some foods (fruit and honey), and added to many processed foods (confectionary, soft drinks, sport drinks)
  
  • High body mass index and associated conditions
  • Dental caries and dental disease

Question 15

define low intake of fibre and how does it contribute to burden of disease

Answer 15

• type of carbohydrate that is required for optimal health and wellbeing
• Found in all foods of plant origin
  
  • High body mass index and associated conditions
  • Colorectal cancer
  • High cholesterol and cardiovascular disease
• Type diabetes

Question 16

define low intake of iron and how does it contribute to burden of disease

Answer 16

• essential part of blood (carries the oxygen)
• low intake of iron may lead to development of iron-deficiency anaemia which is a condition characterised by tiredness and weakness
• sources of iron include red meat, lean meat, brown rice, eggs, nuts