Differences in health status b/w pop. groups (AOS_1)

Question 1

differences b/w males and females (info about males): biological

Answer 1

• higher rates of high body mass index
• higher rates of hypertension
• impaired glucose regulation
• genetics, including sex and hormones (testosterone)

Question 2

differences b/w males and females (info about males): sociocultural

Answer 2

• impacts of unemployment (stress)
• higher socioeconomic status
• cultural influences and gender stereotypes

Question 3

differences b/w males and females (info about males): environmental

Answer 3

• males often work in more dangerous environments

Question 4

differences in HEALTH STATUS b/w males and females

Answer 4

• females have a higher life expectancy than males
• males have a higher burden of disease than females
• males have higher rates of injury than females
• males have higher rates of mortality due to suicide, road trauma and violence
• females have higher rates of osteoporosis and arthritis than males

Question 5

differences b/w indigenous and non-indigenous (info about indigenous): biological

Answer 5

• higher rates of high body mass index
• higher rates of hypertension
• higher rates of impaired glucose regulation
• higher rates of low birth weight

Question 6

differences b/w indigenous and non-indigenous (info about indigenous): sociocultural

Answer 6

• low SES
• high rates of unemployment
• lower levels of health literacy
• social exclusion including discrimination, racism, forced removal from the family and homelessness
• high rates of food insecurity
• early life experiences (maternal health)
• lack of access to culturally appropriate healthcare

Question 7

differences b/w indigenous and non-indigenous (info about indigenous): environmental

Answer 7

• poorer quality and overcrowded housing
• poorer quality water and sanitation systems
• poorer infrastructure, including poorer road quality
• lack of access to healthcare facilities

Question 8

differences in HEALTH STATUS b/w indigenous and non-indigenous

Answer 8

• Indigenous Australians have a lower life expectancy than non-Indigenous Australians (ten years less)
• Indigenous Australians IMR is 1.5 times higher than the rest of the population
• Indigenous Australians have a higher burden of disease for chronic conditions such as CVD, cancer and asthma
• Indigenous Australians experience higher levels of psychological distress

Question 9

differences b/w high and low SES (info about low SES): biological

Answer 9

• higher obesity rates
• higher rates of hypertension
• higher rates of impaired glucose regulation
• higher rates of low birth weight babies

Question 10

differences b/w high and low SES (info about low SES): sociocultural

Answer 10

• lower incomes, education levels, and lower status occupations
• lower levels of health literacy
• more likely to be unemployed
• higher rates of social exclusion
• more likely to experience food insecurity
• early life experience including higher rates of maternal smoking
• less likely to access healthcare (and lower levels of private health insurance)
• low levels of neighbourhood safety

Question 11

differences b/w high and low SES (info about low SES): environment

Answer 11

• greater proximity to fast-food outlets
• poorer quality public open spaces
• more dangerous work environments
• poor quality housing
• greater exposure to environment tobacco smoke

Question 12

differences HEALTH STATUS b/w high and low SES

Answer 12

• lower life expectancy (approx. 3 years)
• higher mortality rates
• higher infant mortality rates
• higher rates of mental and behavioural problems
• higher rates of diabetes, kidney disease and CVD

Question 13

differences b/w those living within and outside of Australia’s major cities (info about outside): biological

Answer 13

• higher rates of high body mass index
• high blood cholesterol
• impaired glucose regulation
• higher rates of low birth weight babies
• higher rates of hypertension

Question 14

differences b/w those living within and outside of Australia’s major cities (info about outside): sociocultural

Answer 14

• lower incomes
• less access to education
• higher rates of unemployment
• fewer healthcare professionals
• higher levels of social isolation
• higher rates of food insecurity
• early life experiences including higher rates of maternal smoking

Question 15

differences b/w those living within and outside of Australia’s major cities (info about outside): environmental

Answer 15

• poorer road quality
• reduced proximity to resources such as healthcare, transport, recreation facilities, supermarkets and employment
• greater exposure to harsh climates and the effects of climate change
• less access to fluoridated water
• more dangerous working environments

Question 16

differences in HEALTH STATUS b/w those living within and outside of Australia’s major cities

Answer 16

• lower life expectancy (decreases as remoteness increases, 1-2 years of less rural areas, 7 years for remote areas)
• higher rates of suicide and mental health issues
• higher rates of burden of disease
• higher rates of diabetes, preventable cancers