Factors affecting Prejudice Flashcards
What does culture incorporate?
Values, ideas, customs, and behavioural norms of a particular group of people or a society
What is a collectivist culture?
Places emphasis on the needs of the group rather than the individual
The responsibility one has to be the in-group is characterised by a strong emotional attachment to the in-group
What is an individualistic culture?
Emphasise individualism, private self, individual autonomy and priority of personal over collective needs
What is multiculturalism?
Acceptance of multiple cultural traditions within a single area
What is assimilation?
Belief that if someone from a different culture joins another one, they should adopt their views and identity e.g. learning the language
How does Al-Zahrani and Kaplowitz support that collectivist cultures are more prejudice?
Saudis (collectivist) showed more outgroup-denigration compared to Americans (individualistic)
How does Guimond support that being in a multiculturalism reduces prejudice?
Found that anti-muslim attitudes were reduced when the pro-diversity policy in a country was high
How do Fujimoto and Hartel support that collectivist cultures are more likely to be prejudiced?
Identified that collectivist cultures were more likely to demonstrate prejudice than individualistic cultures
How does Triandis not support the idea that collectivist cultures are more prejudiced?
Because people in collectivist cultures perceive themselves as interdependent with other in-group members, people are less likely to be stigmatised for e.g. physical deformity
What is an OTOH to Triandis’ findings?
Having a stronger affiliation with in-group and sense of collective self means they will be more prejudiced against out-groups than individualistic cultures
What is personality?
Set of traits which remain stable over time
What is authoritarian personality?
Characterises people who hold traditional and conventional values
More likely to consider groups as ‘us and them’ and be prejudiced towards people of a different social or ethnic group
Why does Adorno say prejudice is due to personality differences not culture?
Those who score high on F-scale are more hostile and act on prejudicial beliefs about groups/individuals
Why do Lippa and Arad say prejudice is due to personality differences not culture?
Authoritarianism correlated strongly with negative attitudes toward homosexuality
What is an OTOH point of measuring personality using self-report data?
Invalid measures of personality due to social desirability
What is social dominance orientation?
Measure of an individual’s preference for hierarchy within any social system and the domination over lower-status groups
What do people who score low on SDO believe in?
Believe in fairness and social equality so will be less prejudice
What are people with SDO like?
Tough-minded in pursuing their own interests and not very agreeable or concerned for others’ interests, see the world as a competitive place where the strong survive and the weak lose out
What is openness (Big 5 personality types)?
Refers to your degree of curiosity and creativity
High score = less prejudiced as they are open to new things
What is conscientiousness (Big 5 personality types)?
Tendency to be organised and dependable
High score = efficient and organised
What is extraversion (Big 5 personality types)?
Tendency to seek company of others
High score = energetic and outgoing personality
What is agreeableness (Big 5 personality types)?
Measure of ones trusting and helpful nature
High score = friendly and compassionate
What is neuroticism (Big 5 personality types)?
Refers to how prone you are to psychological stress
High score = sensitive and nervous
What did Cohrs find?
Less open to experience = authoritarian personality, more prejudice
Less agreeable = high is SDO
What did Ekehammer and Akrami find that supports personality as a factor of prejudice?
Correlation between scores of openness to experience and agreeableness with likelihood of scoring highly on measurements of prejudice
