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cardiovascular system 1 > factors affecting blood flow > Flashcards

factors affecting blood flow Flashcards

1
Q

what do beta 2 agonists do?

A

induce bronchodilation by binding to beta 2 receptors in the lungs, activating adenyl cyclase to relax bronchial smooth muscle

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2
Q

what condition is characterised by narrowing/blockage of arteries, leading to reduced blood and oxygen flow to specific part of the body which is then damaged?

A

critical limb ischaemia

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3
Q

what condition is characterised by the interruption or blockage of heart blood supply by a build up of fatty substances in coronary arteries?

A

coronary artery disease

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4
Q

what factors affect blood flow?

A

. length of tube
. viscosity of liquid flowing through tube
. pressure gradient across length of tube
. cross sectional area of tube

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5
Q

where is blood at its highest pressure?

A

leaving heart

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6
Q

what may increase blood viscosity?

A

dehydration

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7
Q

state the poiseuille equation

A

Q = delta P x pi x radius^4 / 8 x n x l

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8
Q

what is ‘Q’ equal to in poiseuille’s equation?

A

volumetric flow rate

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9
Q

what is ‘delta P’ equal to in poiseuille’s equation?

A

pressure change/difference

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10
Q

what is ‘l’ equal to in poiseuille’s equation?

A

length of tube

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11
Q

what is ‘n’ equal to in poiseuille’s equation?

A

viscosity

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12
Q

what are the assumptions associated with poiseuille’s equation?

A

. blood flow is laminar
. flow is non-pulsative
. flow is through a uniform straight pipe

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13
Q

what may cause deep vein thrombosis?

A

immobility, dehydration

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14
Q

how may you reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis?

A

moving, staying hydrated, wearing compression socks

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15
Q

what is flow determined by?

A

. pressure gradient
. resistance
. branching

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16
Q

what happens to blood flow and resistance as branching increases down arterial tree (arteries - arterioles - capillaries)

A

resistance increases and blood flow is reduced

17
Q

what is the function of slowed blood flow in capillaries?

A

allows more time for substance exchange

18
Q

in what areas is blood flow slowest?

A

areas with largest cross-section

19
Q

which areas have the largest cross-section?

A

capillaries

20
Q

blood flows from high pressure to low pressure, which vessels are carry blood at high pressure and which carry blood at low pressure?

A

artery - high

veins - low

21
Q

what happens to blood flow as blood exits capillaries into veins?

A

increases

22
Q

do veins have a small or large pressure gradient?

A

small

23
Q

what percentage of blood do veins hold at any one time?

A

70%

24
Q

which structure promotes venous return?

A

skeletal muscle pump

25
Q

which process aids venous return?

A

respiratory movement

26
Q

which hormone produced by sympathetic nerves constricts veins, increasing venous return to the heart?

A

noradrenaline

27
Q

what effect does noradrenaline opreoduced by sympathetic nerves have on the blood low to the heart?

A

increases

28
Q

what is the term for venous return to the right ventricle?

A

preload

29
Q

what are the effects of an increased preload?

A

heart has to work harder to pump blood out

30
Q

what 2 conditions may increased preload cause?

A

heart failure, coronary artery disease

31
Q

what class of drugs can be used to decrease preload

A

nitrates

32
Q

what effect do nitrates have on vessels?

A

vasodilation

33
Q

what effect does nitrates have on venous pressure?

A

decreased

34
Q

what effect do nitrates have on cardiac output?

A

decreased

35
Q

changes in oxygen/CO2/celluar metabolites can dilate arterioles, increasing organ blood flow, what is this known as?

A

active hyperaemia

36
Q

what does blocking blood flow induce?

A

reactive hyperaemia

37
Q

what is the name of the biological process which maintains blood flow?

A

flow autoregulation

cardiovascular system 1 (6 decks)

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