Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cardiovascular system 1 > control of CVS > Flashcards

control of CVS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the CVS?

A 
. transport of nutrients, oxygen and waste products round the body
. transfer of heat
. buffer body pH
. transport of hormones
. assist in response to infection
. assist in formation of urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the flow of blood through the heart

A

. blood enters via superior and inferior vena cava
. flows from right atrium through AV valve to right ventricle
. travels through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery and out to lungs
. back in through pulmonary vein into left atria
. through AV valve into left ventricle
. through aortic valve into aorta to be pumped round body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which ventricular muscular wall is larger and why?

A

left as it pumps blood at higher pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name the 4 valves of the heart

A

left AV, right AV, aortic (semilunar) and pulmonary (semilunar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what controls the valves of the heart?

A

pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the function of valves?

A

prevent back flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which two muscles orientate valve flaps?

A

chord tendinae and papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the clinical name for a hole in the wall dividing the right and left ventricles?

A

ventricular septal defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a calcified valve?

A

calcium deposits form on an aortic valve, narrowing the opening of the aortic valve ad reducing blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the clinical term for an enlargement of the walls of the left ventricle, causing it to work harder?

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the first heart sound?

A

AV valves closing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the 2nd heart sound?

A

pulmonary and aortic valves closing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are korotkoff sounds?

A

turbulent blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is a 3rd heart sound abnormal?

A

maybe be due to heart failure, or valve defect, represents 2 way flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the cardiac cycle consists of which 2 phases?

A

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

does pressure increase or decrease as blood flows round the body?

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what term describes the volume of blood left in the ventricles after systole?

A

end diastolic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood ejected per beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which law states that SV can be increased under certain conditions?

A

starlings law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what equation is used to calculate cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a normal CO?

A

5 l/min on each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the series of events that follow an impulse being generated in the SA node

A

. impulse generated by pacemaker spreads over the heart muscle causing both atria to contact
. impulses from SA node reach AV node, here this is a small delay which allows atria to empty
. impulse sent down AV bundle to left and right ventricles
. AV bundle divides into purkinje fibres which trigger muscle fibres (myocytes) in ventricles to contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

slows conduction, act as secondary pacemaker if required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe excitation contaction coupling

A

millions of purkinje fibres interdigitate with myocytes to spread impulse across ventricles

25
Q

name the 4 types of heart arrhythmias

A

ectopic beat, tachycardia, bradycardia, fibrillation

26
Q

what is an ectopic beat?

A

premature heart beat

27
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

increased heart rate

28
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

slower heart rate

29
Q

what is fibrillation?

A

trembling or shaky heart rate

30
Q

what does ECG stand for?

A

electrocardiogram

31
Q

what does an ECG detect?

A

phasic changes in potential difference between 2 electrodes

32
Q

what can an ECG be used to diagnose?

A

arrhythmias

33
Q

what is the P wave on an ECG?

A

atrial depolarisation

34
Q

what is the QRS complex on an ECG?

A

ventricular depolarisation

35
Q

what is the T wave on an ECG?

A

ventricular repolarisation

36
Q

what is the P-R interval on an ECG?

A

delay through AV node

37
Q

what is the S-T wave on an ECG?

A

plateau phase of AP

38
Q

SA nodal action is split into 3 phases: phase 4, phase 0 and phase 3, describe what occurs at each of these phases

A

phase 4 - spontaneous depolarisation that triggers AP
phase 0 - depolarisation of AP (calcium in)
phase 3 - repolarisation (potassium out)

39
Q

what happens if potassium permeability in SA node increase?

A

longer time to threshold = fewer bpm = HR decreased (Ach from vagus nerve)

40
Q

what happens if calcium permeability in SA node increase?

A

shorter time to threshold = more bmp = increased HR (noradrenaline)

41
Q

how does entry of calcium ions into a cardiac muscle cell stimulate contraction?

A

. calcium enters myocyte cells triggering more calcium ions to be released into cell from sarcoplasmic reticulum
. plateau phase occurs where cell remains depolarised briefly before it becomes polarised by entry of potassium ions

42
Q

under what circumstances does the force of of contraction of cardiac muscle cells increase?

A

in response to increased filling of heart chambers

43
Q

why is it essential that cardiac muscle cells are able to increase force of contraction?

A

ensure blood circulation does not fail

44
Q

which 2 forms do adrenoreceptors exist in?

A

alpha and beta

45
Q

which adrenal receptor is found predominantly on nodal tissue, conducting system and myocardium?

A

beta 1

46
Q

which neurotransmitters bind to adrenoreceptors?

A

noradrenaline (produced by sympathetic nerves) and adrenaline (produced by adrenal medulla)

47
Q

what are the effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline binding to adrenoreceptors?

A

positive intropy, positive chronotropy, positive lustropy, positive dromotropy

48
Q

what is positive intropy?

A

increase contraction strength

49
Q

what is positive chronotrpy?

A

increased heart rate

50
Q

what is positive lusitropy?

A

relax more rapidly

51
Q

what is positive dromotrpy?

A

increased conduction speed in AV node

52
Q

which nodal tissue does the right vagus terminate on?

A

SA node

53
Q

which nodal tissue does the left vagus terminate on?

A

AV node

54
Q

release of acetylcholine through vagal nerve has what effect on the heart?

A

deceased HR

55
Q

which vagolytic drug increases HR in bardylytic patients?

A

atropine

56
Q

which nervous system can alter stroke volume?

A

sympathetic

57
Q

which NS controls BP during sleep and emotions?

A

CNS

58
Q

which branch of the PNS has more effect on the heart?

A

ANS

cardiovascular system 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions