cardiovascular system anatomy Flashcards
what may the CVS also be known as?
circulatory system
the CVS is an organ transporting system, what doe is it transport?
oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients
what does the CVS consist of?
heart, blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries), blood, lymphatic system
which fluid surrounds cells?
interstitial fluid
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
absorbs excess fluid (lymph) and returns it back to CVS
what are the 2 loops of circulation?
pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
describe pulmonary circulation
. oxygen depleted blood passes from heart to lungs
. oxygenated blood returns to heart
describe systemic circulation
. oxygenated blood passes from heart to rest of body
. deoxygenated blood returns to heart
what is the name for everything present in the chest other than the lungs?
mediastinum
name the 2 types of pericardium
parietal and visceral
what type of fluid is found between the 2 layers of pericardium?
serous
what is contained within the 2 layers of pericardium?
pericardial activity containing pericardial fluid
what structure equates to the bottom of the superior mediastinum?
sternal angle (bump of bone in chest)
the heart forms the bulk of what structure?
inferior mediastinum
which tissue stops the heart jumping?
pericardium
which vein drains all structure above the heart?
superior vena cava
which vein drains all structures below the heart?
inferior vena cava
why must the foetus retain nutrients and oxygen from the mother?
its lungs are not in use
which structure carries blood to the foetus from the placenta?
umbilical vein
which structure present only in the foetus directs blood away from the liver?
ductus venosus
where does blood from the ductus venosus enter instead of the liver?
inferior vena cava
which structure present only in the foetus directs blood from the right to left side of the heart, bypassing the lungs?
Foramen ovale
which structure present only in the foetus directs blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?
ductus arteriosus
what is the function of the ductus venosus?
directs blood away from the liver to the inferior vena cava
what is the function of the foramen ovale?
directs blood from the right to left side of the heart, bypassing the lungs
what is the function of the ductus arteriosus?
directs blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
which vessels supply the heart muscle?
coronary arteries
which vessels drain the heart muscle?
coronary veins
why is the left ventricle larger than the right?
it pumps blood all around the body as opposed to just the lungs
what is the correct name for heart strings?
chordinae tindinae
what is the function of chordinae tindinae?
hold things in place so valves don’t go backwards
what structural defect may allow blood to travel from left to right side?
foramen ovale does not correctly shut
what happens when the foramen ovale does not correctly shut?
blood travels from left to right, so right side under more pressure becoming larger and not pumping effectively
what is the septum?
wall separating both chambers
what is an increase in muscle size of RV or RA called?
hypertrophy
describe the first heart sounds and what it is caused by
“lub” - loud noise due to closure of AV valves during ventricular systole
describe the second heart sounds and what it is caused by
“dub” - softer sound due to closure of semilunar valves during atrial diastole
which structures prevent valve flaps entering atria?
chordinae tindinae and papillary muscle
give an example of a clinical condition caused by infection in heart valves
infective endocarditis
give a clinical condition associated with blood supply to heart
coronary artery disease (CAD)
name the 2 types of coronary artery disease
ischaemia and infarction
describe ischaemia
collateral circulation (blood vessels develop round area of narrowing vessels), angina pectoris (chest pain)
describe infarction
results in dead tissue
what is another name for a heart attack?
myocardial infarction
describe ventricular fibrillation
rapid irregular ventricle contraction
not compatible with pulmonary or systemic circulation
lead to cardias arrest
describe atrial fibrillation
rapid, irregular contraction of diff parts of atria
what is the effect of systole on arterial walls?
causes expansion
what is the effect of diastole on arterial walls?
recoil
how is blood flow maintained in arterial vessels?
varying capillary diameter
name the 3 histological layers of arterial vessels
tunica intima, tunique media, tunica adventitia
what type of fibres are present in tunica media?
elastic/smooth muscle
the tunica adventitia consists of what type of tissue?
connective
name some elastic arteries
aorta, common carotid, pulmonary
name some muscular arteries
coronary, cerebral, radial, femoral
what are arterioles?
terminal branches supplying capillary bed
which type of arteries are generally closer to the hear?
elastic
what is the venous system?
low pressure collecting system
how is blood from the venous system sucked into the chest?
the chest has negative pressure
