Face and neck anatomy Flashcards
Where are the attachments of the Temporalis? What is its innervation and the main action of this muscle?
Proximal attachment: Temporal fossa
Distal attachment: Coronoid process of the mandible
innervation: Mandibular nerve (CNV3)
function: elevates the mandible
What are the attachments of the stylohyoid? What is the innervation of the sylohyoid and its function?
Proximal attachment: styloid process
Distal attachment: hyoid bone
innervation: Facial nerve
function: elevates and retracts hyoid bone
Which nerve innervates the buccinator and what is its function?
Facial nerve innervates the buccinator, which presses the cheek against the molar teeth
What are the innervations of the anterior and posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Anterior belly: Nerve to mylohyoid
Posterior belly: Facial nerve
Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue. What is their motor innervation?
Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus.
Motor innervation: Hypoglossal nerve. Except for the palatoglossus: innnervated by the vagus nerve.
What is the sensory innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the taste innervation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
What is the sensory innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and the taste innervation?
Anterior 2/3 of tongue: Sensation: Lingual branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3) Taste: Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
Posterior 1/3 of tongue: Sensation and taste: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
What is the function of the genioglossus?
Depresses and protrudes tongue
What is the function of the hyoglossus?
Depresses and retracts tongue
The crista galli is connected to which bone structure?
Crista galli is connected to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Which tube connects the back of the pharynx to the ear?
Pharyngotympanic tube
What are the 4 hyoid muscles?
Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Mylohyoid and thyrohyoid
What are the innervations of the superior and inferior omohyoid muscles?
Omohyoid: Superior belly is only innervated by the superior branch of the ansa cervicalis. The posterior belly is innervated by all 3 branches of the ansa cervicalis (C1 - C3)
What are the innervations of the sternohyoid, mylohyoid and thyrohyoid?
Sternohyoid: Ansa cervicalis (C1 - C3)
Mylohyoid: Nerve to mylohyoid
Thyrohyoid: C1 via hypoglossal nerve
Name the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
Suprahyoid muscles: Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Stylohyoid, Digastric muscles (anterior belly and posterior belly)
Infrahyoid muscles: Thyrohyoid, Sternothyroid, Sternohyoid (overlap the thyrohyoid and sternothyroid), Omohyoid (Superior belly and inferior belly)
What is the innervations of the suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohyoid (Nerve to mylohyoid, a branch of inferior alveolar nerve, from the mandibular nerve CNV3)
Geniohyoid (C1 via hypoglossal nerve)
Stylohyoid (Stylohyoid branch of Facial nerve CNVII)
Digastric: Anterior belly (Nerve to mylohyoid, from mandibular nerve CNV3)
Posterior belly (Digastric branch of Facial nerve CNVII)
What are the innervations of the infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid (C1 - C3 via a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Omohyoid (C1 - C3 via a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Sternothyroid (C2 and C3 by a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Thyrohyoid (C1 via hypoglossal nerve CNXII)
What are the function of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles?
Suprahyoid:
Geniohyoid: Pulls the hyoid anterosuperiorly and shortens the floor of the mouth.
Mylohyoid: Elevates the hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking
Stylohyoid: Elevates and retracts hyoid, thus elongating the floor of the mouth
Digastric: Works with infrahyoid muscles, depresses mandible against resistance, elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking
Infrahyoid:
Sternohyoid: Depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing
Omohyoid: Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid
Sternothyroid: Depresses hyoid and larynx
Thyrohyoid: Depresses hyoid and elevates larynx
What is the muscle involved in abducting the vocal folds?
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Name the external and internal layers of the pharynx muscles.
External layer: Superior, Middle and Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Internal layer: Palatopharyngeus, Salpingopharyngeus, Stylopharyngeus
What are the innervations of the internal and external muscles of the pharynx?
Internal:
Palatopharyngeus and Salpingopharyngeus: Pharyngeal branch of vagus CNX and pharyngeal plexus
Stylopharyngeus: Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
External:
Superior pharyngeal constrictor: Pharyngeal branch of vagus CNX and pharyngeal plexus
Middle and Inferior pharyngeal constrictor: Pharyngeal branch of CNX and pharyngeal plexus plus branches of external and recurrent laryngeal nerves of vagus
Which muscle is the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube?
Salpingopheryngeus
Which nerve travels anterior to the anterior scalene muscles and the bronchus? Vagus or phrenic nerve?
Phrenic nerve
Which nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus?
Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
Name the muscles of the soft palate
Tensor Veli Palatini, Levator Veli Palatini, Palatoglossus, Palatopharyngeus, Musculus uvulae
What are the innervations for the muscles of the soft palate?
Tensor Veli Palatini: CNV3 via otic ganglion
the rest: Pharyngeal branch of CNX via pharyngeal plexus
What is the function of the Tensor Veli Palatini?
Tenses soft palate and opens the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing and yawning.
Describe the nerve supply of the parotid gland
Parotid gland has both the sensory and autonomic innervation.
Sensory innervation: From the superior cervical ganglion, via the great auricular nerve.
Parasympathetic innervation: Preganglionic via glossopharyngeal nerve and synapse in the otic ganglion, where the postganglionic nerve hitch-hikes on the auriculotemporal nerve
Within the parotid gland, which artery arises from the external carotid artery?
ECA gives rise to the posterior auricular artery
What are the 2 terminal branches of the ECA?
maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery
The retromandibular vein is formed from the convergence of which 2 veins?
Maxillary vein and superficial temporal vein.
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
What is their innervation?
Masseter, Temporalis, Lateral and medial pterygoid
All innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve of mandibular nerve CNV3.
What is the action of the medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles?
Medial Pterygoid: Elevates and protrudes the mandible, and moves the jaws to the opposite side.
Lateral Pterygoid: Depresses and protrudes the mandible and move jaws to the opposite side
For lateral movements of the jaw, temporalis moves the jaw to the same or opposite side? How about the pterygoid muscles?
Temporalis moves the jaw to the same side, but the pterygoids cause the jaw to move to the opposite side
Where are the attachments of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles?
Medial pterygoid: Attaches to the mandible and the medial side of the lateral pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid: Upper head originates from the roof of the infratemporal fossa, the lower head arising from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate. Both attaches to the temporomandibular joint.
What is the meaning of deglutination? Describe.
Deglutination is the mechanism of swallowing and there are three phases to it: Oral voluntary phase, Pharyngeal involuntary phase, Oesopharyngeal involuntary phase
