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Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) and Eyes > Face and neck anatomy > Flashcards

Face and neck anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the attachments of the Temporalis? What is its innervation and the main action of this muscle?

A

Proximal attachment: Temporal fossa
Distal attachment: Coronoid process of the mandible
innervation: Mandibular nerve (CNV3)
function: elevates the mandible

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2
Q

What are the attachments of the stylohyoid? What is the innervation of the sylohyoid and its function?

A

Proximal attachment: styloid process
Distal attachment: hyoid bone
innervation: Facial nerve
function: elevates and retracts hyoid bone

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3
Q

Which nerve innervates the buccinator and what is its function?

A

Facial nerve innervates the buccinator, which presses the cheek against the molar teeth

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4
Q

What are the innervations of the anterior and posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly: Nerve to mylohyoid

Posterior belly: Facial nerve

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5
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue. What is their motor innervation?

A

Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus.

Motor innervation: Hypoglossal nerve. Except for the palatoglossus: innnervated by the vagus nerve.

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6
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the taste innervation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

What is the sensory innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and the taste innervation?

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue: Sensation: Lingual branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3) Taste: Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

Posterior 1/3 of tongue: Sensation and taste: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

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7
Q

What is the function of the genioglossus?

A

Depresses and protrudes tongue

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8
Q

What is the function of the hyoglossus?

A

Depresses and retracts tongue

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9
Q

The crista galli is connected to which bone structure?

A

Crista galli is connected to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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10
Q

Which tube connects the back of the pharynx to the ear?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

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11
Q

What are the 4 hyoid muscles?

A

Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Mylohyoid and thyrohyoid

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12
Q

What are the innervations of the superior and inferior omohyoid muscles?

A

Omohyoid: Superior belly is only innervated by the superior branch of the ansa cervicalis. The posterior belly is innervated by all 3 branches of the ansa cervicalis (C1 - C3)

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13
Q

What are the innervations of the sternohyoid, mylohyoid and thyrohyoid?

A

Sternohyoid: Ansa cervicalis (C1 - C3)
Mylohyoid: Nerve to mylohyoid
Thyrohyoid: C1 via hypoglossal nerve

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14
Q

Name the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

A

Suprahyoid muscles: Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Stylohyoid, Digastric muscles (anterior belly and posterior belly)

Infrahyoid muscles: Thyrohyoid, Sternothyroid, Sternohyoid (overlap the thyrohyoid and sternothyroid), Omohyoid (Superior belly and inferior belly)

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15
Q

What is the innervations of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Mylohyoid (Nerve to mylohyoid, a branch of inferior alveolar nerve, from the mandibular nerve CNV3)
Geniohyoid (C1 via hypoglossal nerve)
Stylohyoid (Stylohyoid branch of Facial nerve CNVII)
Digastric: Anterior belly (Nerve to mylohyoid, from mandibular nerve CNV3)
Posterior belly (Digastric branch of Facial nerve CNVII)

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16
Q

What are the innervations of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid (C1 - C3 via a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Omohyoid (C1 - C3 via a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Sternothyroid (C2 and C3 by a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Thyrohyoid (C1 via hypoglossal nerve CNXII)

17
Q

What are the function of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles?

A

Suprahyoid:
Geniohyoid: Pulls the hyoid anterosuperiorly and shortens the floor of the mouth.
Mylohyoid: Elevates the hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking
Stylohyoid: Elevates and retracts hyoid, thus elongating the floor of the mouth
Digastric: Works with infrahyoid muscles, depresses mandible against resistance, elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking

Infrahyoid:
Sternohyoid: Depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing
Omohyoid: Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid
Sternothyroid: Depresses hyoid and larynx
Thyrohyoid: Depresses hyoid and elevates larynx

18
Q

What is the muscle involved in abducting the vocal folds?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

19
Q

Name the external and internal layers of the pharynx muscles.

A

External layer: Superior, Middle and Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Internal layer: Palatopharyngeus, Salpingopharyngeus, Stylopharyngeus

20
Q

What are the innervations of the internal and external muscles of the pharynx?

A

Internal:
Palatopharyngeus and Salpingopharyngeus: Pharyngeal branch of vagus CNX and pharyngeal plexus
Stylopharyngeus: Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
External:
Superior pharyngeal constrictor: Pharyngeal branch of vagus CNX and pharyngeal plexus
Middle and Inferior pharyngeal constrictor: Pharyngeal branch of CNX and pharyngeal plexus plus branches of external and recurrent laryngeal nerves of vagus

21
Q

Which muscle is the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Salpingopheryngeus

22
Q

Which nerve travels anterior to the anterior scalene muscles and the bronchus? Vagus or phrenic nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve

23
Q

Which nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

24
Q

Name the muscles of the soft palate

A

Tensor Veli Palatini, Levator Veli Palatini, Palatoglossus, Palatopharyngeus, Musculus uvulae

25
Q

What are the innervations for the muscles of the soft palate?

A

Tensor Veli Palatini: CNV3 via otic ganglion

the rest: Pharyngeal branch of CNX via pharyngeal plexus

26
Q

What is the function of the Tensor Veli Palatini?

A

Tenses soft palate and opens the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing and yawning.

27
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the parotid gland

A

Parotid gland has both the sensory and autonomic innervation.
Sensory innervation: From the superior cervical ganglion, via the great auricular nerve.
Parasympathetic innervation: Preganglionic via glossopharyngeal nerve and synapse in the otic ganglion, where the postganglionic nerve hitch-hikes on the auriculotemporal nerve

28
Q

Within the parotid gland, which artery arises from the external carotid artery?

A

ECA gives rise to the posterior auricular artery

29
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches of the ECA?

A

maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

30
Q

The retromandibular vein is formed from the convergence of which 2 veins?

A

Maxillary vein and superficial temporal vein.

31
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

What is their innervation?

A

Masseter, Temporalis, Lateral and medial pterygoid

All innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve of mandibular nerve CNV3.

32
Q

What is the action of the medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles?

A

Medial Pterygoid: Elevates and protrudes the mandible, and moves the jaws to the opposite side.

Lateral Pterygoid: Depresses and protrudes the mandible and move jaws to the opposite side

33
Q

For lateral movements of the jaw, temporalis moves the jaw to the same or opposite side? How about the pterygoid muscles?

A

Temporalis moves the jaw to the same side, but the pterygoids cause the jaw to move to the opposite side

34
Q

Where are the attachments of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles?

A

Medial pterygoid: Attaches to the mandible and the medial side of the lateral pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid: Upper head originates from the roof of the infratemporal fossa, the lower head arising from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate. Both attaches to the temporomandibular joint.

35
Q

What is the meaning of deglutination? Describe.

A

Deglutination is the mechanism of swallowing and there are three phases to it: Oral voluntary phase, Pharyngeal involuntary phase, Oesopharyngeal involuntary phase

Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) and Eyes (7 decks)

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