Ear

Question 1

What are the treatments for Otitis Externa?

Answer 1

Microsuction (only done by ENT doctor or nurse)
Analgesia (NSAID, Paracetamol)
Ear drops (Gentisone, Sofradex)

Question 2

What is done if ear canal is completely closed?

Answer 2

Referral and give Glycerol and Ichthamol wick

Question 3

What are the signs and symptoms of acute otitis media

Answer 3

Pain, fever, decreased hearing, preceeding URTI/Hx of URTI

Question 4

Acute Suppurative Otitis Media is usually of viral or bacterial cause? Elaborate by giving examples.

Answer 4

Bacteria: Strep pneumoniae and H. Influenza

Question 5

Acute Non-suppurative Otitis Media is usually due to virus or bacteria?

Answer 5

Virus.

Question 6

Complications of Acute Suppurative Otitis Media

Answer 6

Meningitis
Intracranial abscess
Sigmoid/Lateral sinus thrombosis/Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Question 7

Are A/B needed for Acute Otitis Media?

Answer 7

No, usually self-limiting and are caused by viruses.

Question 8

What are the complications of Otitis Media? Intracranial and Extracranial.

Answer 8

Intracranial: Meningitis, Intracranial abscess, Sigmoid/Lateral sinus thrombosis or Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Extracranial: Labyrinthitis, Facial Nerve Palsy, Mastoiditis and Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 9

Symptoms of Mastoiditis

Answer 9

Ear protrusion, Fever, Deaf and Malaise

Question 10

What are the complications of Mastoiditis?

Answer 10

Meningitis, Subdural/Extradural abscess, venous sinus thrombosis

Question 11

What are the sequelae of infection to the ear?

Answer 11

Glue ear, Tympanic Membrane perforation, adhesions, tympanosclerosis, ossicular erosions

Question 12

What is Cholesteatoma and what are the clinical presentations?

Answer 12

Choleateatoma is keratinising squamous epithelium in the middle ear cleft

Question 13

What is Pott’s Puffy Tumour? Signs of Pott’s Puffy Tumour?

Answer 13

A serious complication of frontal sinuses.

Signs: Tender, doughy swelling over frontal bone, pitting oedema. Osteomyelitis/Subperiosteal abscess

Question 14

Is the Pars Flaccida or Pars Tensa affected in Cholesteatoma?

Answer 14

Pars Flaccida

Question 15

What are the presentations of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media?

Answer 15

Long history of discharging ear, decreased hearing, usually no pain, may have perforated ear drum

Question 16

What is the treatment for Tonsillitis?

Answer 16

Encourage oral fluids, oral penicillin V and analgesia

Question 17

What is a complication of tonsillitis?

Answer 17

Peritonsillar abscess

Question 18

What is the signs and symptoms of tonsillitis and Peritonsillar abscess?

Answer 18

Tonsillitis: Fever, Sore throat, Dysphagia and Odynophagia, enlarged and inflamed tonsils, white surface exudate and palpable lymph nodes

Peritonsillar abscess: Same as in tonsillitis but also have Trismus (spasm of pterygoid muscles)

Question 19

What is the range of frequency that can be heard by the ears (in normal conversations)?
What is the highest sound frequency that can be detected by the human ear?

Answer 19

Normal conversation frequency range: 2kHz to 5kHz

Highest sound freq: 20kHz