FA Rapid Review: Key Associations Flashcards
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)
Aneurysm, dissecting
Hypertension
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
Atherosclerosis
Aortic aneurysm, arch
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
H. pylori
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitis (kids)
Benign melanocytic nevus
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)
Brain tumor (adults) (4)
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
Breast cancer
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
Breast mass (2)
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
Breast tumor (benign)
Fibroadenoma
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
Cardiac tumor (adults) (2)
Metastasis, Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
Constrictive pericarditis (2)
Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis (3, in order of occurrence)
LAD > RCA > LCA
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome (4)
Iatrogenic Cushing’s (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
Cyanosis (early; less common) (3)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
Cyanosis (late; more common) (3)
VSD, ASD, PDA
Death in CML
Blast crisis
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
Dementia (2)
Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
DIC (6)
Severe sepsis Obstetric complications Cancer Burns Trauma Major surgery
Dietary deficit
Iron
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
Esophageal cancer (2)
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide);
Adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated) (2)
S. aureus, B. cereus
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)
Gynecologic malignancy (2)
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
Helminth infection (U.S.) (2)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
Hemochromatosis (2 causes)
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand’s disease
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
HLA-B27 (4)
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter’s syndrome
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis
HLA-DR3 or -DR4 (3)
Diabetes mellitus type I
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
Holosystolic murmur (3)
VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease (3 organisms)
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (all catalase positive)
Kidney stones (3)
Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
Uric acid = radiolucent
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher’s disease
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Malignancy (kids) (2)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Mental retardation
Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome
Metastases to bone (5)
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes
Metastases to brain (6)
Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
Metastasis to liver (3)
Colon»_space; stomach, pancreas
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
Nosocomial pneumonia (3 organisms)
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
Opporunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia
Osteomyelitis (organism)
S. aureus
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease (organism)
Salmonella
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use (2 organisms)
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Pancreatitis (acute) (2 causes)
Gallstones, alcohol
Pancreatitis (chronic) (2 causes)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child
CLL: adult > 60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60
Pelvic inflammatory disease (2 organisms)
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Philadelphia chromososme t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
Pituitary tumor (2)
Prolactinoma
Somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45, XO)
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Primary hyperparathyroidism (3)
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremitites
Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
Renal tumor (2)
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; Paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
Sites of atherosclerosis (4, in order of frequency)
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
t(8;14)
Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)
t(9:22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Type of Hodgkin’s
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
Type of non-Hodgkin’s
Diffuse large cell
UTI (2 organisms)
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folated (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)