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1 STEP Uworld biochemistry > FA/amboss glycolysis and genesis regulation 12/22 > Flashcards

FA/amboss glycolysis and genesis regulation 12/22 Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis rate determining enzyme?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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2
Q

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) enzyme in what process?

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

what 2 enzymes use ATP?

A

hexokinase/glucokinase;
PFK-1

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4
Q

what 1 enzymes produce NADH?

A

glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase

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5
Q

what 2 enzymes produce ATP?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase;
Pyruvate kinase

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6
Q

what inhibits hexokinase?

A

G6P (feedback inhibition)

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7
Q

what inhibits glucokinase?

A

Fructose 6-phosphate (feedback inhibition);
glucagon

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8
Q

what stimulates hexokinase?

A

nothing

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9
Q

what stimulates glucokinase?

A

insulin (Upregulates transcription of glucokinase gene)

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10
Q

what stimulates PFK-1?

A

AMP;
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate;
Insulin (postprandial): indirect stimulation

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11
Q

What inhibits PFK-1?

A

ATP
Citrate
Low pH
Glucagon (fasting, only in the liver): indirect inhibition

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12
Q

what stimulates pyruvate kinase?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (feed-forward stimulation)
The higher its concentration, the greater the activity of pyruvate kinase.

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13
Q

what inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

ATP;
alanine (indicates a sufficient amount of precursors for biosynthesis)

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14
Q

glycolysis location?

A

cytosol

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15
Q

gluconeogenesis location?

A

mitochondria and cytosol

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16
Q

gluconeogenesis rate limiting?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

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17
Q

what activates gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucagon

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18
Q

what inhibits gluconeogenesis?

A

Insulin

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19
Q

when occurs gluconeogenesis?

A

Fasting state

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20
Q

when occurs glycolysis?

A

Stimulated in postprandial state
Occurs independent of postprandial state in some cells (e.g., RBCs)

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21
Q

in glycolysis how many ATP are invested, how many produced, what is net ATP per 1 glucose molecule?

A

In glycolysis, 2 ATP are invested to gain 4 ATP. In total, there is a net gain of 2 ATP per 1 molecule of glucose.

22
Q

what molecule participated in feed-forward regulation (indirect cia bus)?

A

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (feed-forward regulation)

23
Q

function of Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2)?

A

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) stimulates glycolysis by increasing PFK-1 activity in states of high blood glucose concentrations.

24
Q

What 2 enzymes are in two domains of the same bifunctional enzyme?

A

Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) and fructose bisphosphatase-2 (FBPase-2).

25
Q

what substance reverse bifunctional enzyme?

A

function is reversed by phosphorylation by protein kinase A.

26
Q

PKA. In dephosphorylated state what enzyme?

A

Dephosphorylated state: ↑ PFK-2 activity results in ↑ fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate).

27
Q

PKA. In phosphorylated state what enzyme?

A

Phosphorylated state: ↑ FBPase-2 activity results in ↓ fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (conversion of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate).

28
Q

in fed state?

A

fructose-6-P –> fructose2,6-BP
Enzyme: phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2)

29
Q

in fasting state?

A

fructose2,6-BP –> fructose-6-P –> gluconeogenesis
enzyme: fructose bisphosphatase-2 (FBPase-2)

30
Q

in liver fasting state?

A

Fasting state: ↓ blood glucose → ↑ glucagon → ↑ cAMP → ↑ protein kinase A activity → ↑ phosphorylation of PFK-2/FBPase-2 → ↑ FBPase-2 activity and ↓ PFK-2 activity → ↓ Fru-2,6-P2 → ↓ PFK-1 activity → ↑ gluconeogenesis and ↓ glycolysis

31
Q

in liver fed state?

A

Postprandial state: ↑ blood glucose → ↑ insulin → ↓ cAMP → ↓ protein kinase A activity → ↓ phosphorylation of PFK-2/FBPase-2 → ↑ PFK-2 activity and ↓ FBPase-2 → ↑ Fru-2,6-P2 → ↑ PFK-1 activity → ↑ glycolysis and ↓ gluconeogenesis

32
Q

in heart glycolysis?

A

In the heart: epinephrine and/or insulin → ↑ PFK-2 activity → ↑ Fru-2,6-P2 → ↑ PFK-1 activity → ↑ glycolysis provides quick energy, e.g., during stress or physical activity

33
Q

gluconeogenesis rate limiting enzyme?

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

34
Q

what activates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase? gluconeogenesis

A

citrate

35
Q

what inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

AMP, fructose 2,6- bisphosphate

36
Q

enzymes in gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
Glucose-6-phosphatase

37
Q

what activates Pyruvate carboxylase?

A

acetyl-coa;
Glucagon in fasting state

38
Q

what inhibits pyruvate carboxylase?

A

ADP

39
Q

what requires phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?gluconeogenesis

A

GTP

40
Q

what stimulates phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?

A

Glucagon: activates adenylate cyclase → ↑ cAMP → activates CREB → ↑ transcription of PEP carboxykinase

Cortisol: upregulates transcription

Glucagon in fasting state

41
Q

what inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?

A

Insulin

42
Q

what is rate limiting in glucoenogenesis?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

43
Q

what activates fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase?(gluconeogenesis)

A

Citrate
ATP
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (feed-forward regulation)

Glucagon in fasting state

44
Q

what inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
AMP

45
Q

what stimulates Glucose-6-phosphatase?

A

G6P (feed-forward regulation)

Glucagon in fasting state

46
Q

what inhibits Glucose-6-phosphatase?

A

Insulin

47
Q

Gluconeogenesis is activated when energy is required (i.e., ……. ratio)

A

Gluconeogenesis is activated when energy is required (i.e., low ATP/AMP ratio)

48
Q

Gluconeogenesis is inhibited if there is an excess of energy available (i.e., …… ratio).

A

Gluconeogenesis is inhibited if there is an excess of energy available (i.e., large ATP/AMP ratio).

49
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase location?

A

Mitochondria

50
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase location?

A

Cytosol and mitochondria

51
Q

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase location?

A

Cytosol

52
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase location?(gluconeogenesis)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (to export glucose to blood serum)

1 STEP Uworld biochemistry (13 decks)

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