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MT 13 LAB > F_Chapter 15: Urinary System > Flashcards

F_Chapter 15: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

This organ alone perform the functions of the urinary system

Why? what’s the function of the other organs in the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Other organs in the urinary system only provide temporary storage for urine or serve as transportation channels to carry it from the kidneys to the outside of the bod

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2
Q

Size of the kidney? (structure) What are its 3 protective layers?

A

The kidney is about the size of a large bar of soap

Three protective layers:
(1) Fibrous Capsule – transparent layer, gives glistening appearance
(2) Perirenal Fat Capsule – fatty mass, cushions the kidneys
(3) Renal Fascia – mostsuperficial layer of dense fibrous connective tissue; anchor

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3
Q

3 regions of the Kidney?

A

(1)Renal Cortex – the outer region
(2)Renal Medulla – deep to the cortex; has renal pyramids
(3)Renal Pelvis – funnel-shaped tube; continuous with the ureter

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4
Q

This is are extensions of the renal pelvis that form “drains” that enclose the tips of the pyramids

What is its main function?

A

Calyces (Calyx)

Collect urine which continuously drain from the tips of the pyramids into the renal pelvis

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5
Q

How do kidneys contribute to blood supply?

What does it do to the blood? How many % blood supply passes through?

A

Kidneys continuously cleanse the blood and adjust its composition

Approximately 25% of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute

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6
Q

this supplies the kidney w/ oxygenated & nutrient-rich blood

What is the flow of blood?

A

Renal Artery

Aorta –> Renal Artery –> Segmental artery –> Interlobar artery –> Arcuate artery –> Cortical radiate artery –> Afferent arteriole –>

–>GLOMERULUS (capillaries) –> Efferent arteriole –> PERITUBULAR capillaries

–> Cortical radiate vein –> Arcuate vein –> Interlobar vein –> Renal vein –> Inferior vena cava

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7
Q

Structural and Functional units of each kidney
* Responsible for forming urine

What are its 2 main structures?

A

NEPHRONS

Each nephron consists of two main structures:
(1) Renal Corpuscle
(2) Renal Tubule

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8
Q

a structure of nephrons that consists of a glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule

What is a glomerulus? What is the bowman’s capsule? (describe structure)

A

RENAL CORPUSCLE

* Glomerulus is a knot of capillaries
* Bowman’s Capsule (Glomerular Capsule) is a hollow structure
encloses the glomerulus

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9
Q

The inner layer of the capsule found in the renal corpuscle is made up of?

What are found in the openings between these structures? What are its functions?

A

podocytes

Podocytes have foot processes that intertwine with each other

The openings between these podocytes are filtration slits that allow the podocytes to create a porous membrane which is ideal for filtration

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10
Q

a structure of nephron that Extends from the glomerulus, then it coils and twists forming a hairpin loop and then coil and twist again before entering the collecting duct

The collecting ducts run ______________ (what direction?)
and they deliver _________________ into _________?

A

RENAL TUBULE

  • Collecting Ducts run downwards to the medullary pyramids
  • Collecting Ducts deliver the FINAL urine product into the calyces and renal pelvis
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11
Q

FLOW OF URINE ?

A

(1) Glomerulus → (2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) → (3) Loop of Henle →(4)Distal Convoluted Tubule →(5) Collecting Duct

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12
Q

Types of Nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical Nephrons
  2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons

a) Cortical Nephrons – make up majority of the nephrons; almost
entirely in the cortex

b) Juxtamedullary Nephrons – situated close to the cortex-medulla
junction

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13
Q

Type of nephron

make up majority of the nephrons; almost
entirely in the cortex

A

Cortical nephrons

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14
Q

Type of nephron

situated close to the cortex-medulla junction

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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15
Q

NEPHRON-ASSOCIATED CAPILLARY BEDS: (2)

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. peritubular capillary bed
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16
Q

A NEPHRON-ASSOCIATED CAPILLARY BED fed by the afferent arteriole; and feeds into the efferent arteriole

A

Glomerulus

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17
Q

A NEPHRON-ASSOCIATED CAPILLARY BED Specialized for the filtration of blood

A

Glomerulus

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18
Q

In the glomerulus capillary bed. the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent, resulting in______________

How does the result contribute to the fluid and small solutes?

A

The afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent, resulting in a much higher blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

This pressure forces fluid and small solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capsule

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19
Q

Most of the filtrate in the glomerulus capillary bed (~99%) is eventually ________________ by the
renal tubule cells and _________

what happens to the filtrate basically

A

Most of the filtrate (~99%) is eventually reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells and returned to blood

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20
Q

A nephron-associated capillary bed that arises from the efferent arteriole that drains the glomerulus. This is composed of low-pressure, porous vessels adapted for absorption instead of filtration

A

Peritubular Capillary Bed

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21
Q

A Nephron-associated Capillary bed that Cling closely to the whole length of the renal tubule –reabsorbs filtered solutes and water

What are these solutes and water basically? (What are only reabsorbed?)

A

Peritubular Capillary Bed

Only reabsorbs the essential nutrients including glucose, amino acids, & salts (Na+)

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22
Q

What happens to the nutrients reabsorbed through the peritubular capilalry bed?

A

eventually returned to the heart for redistribution

Essential Nutrients Include: glucose, amino acids, & salts (Na+)

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23
Q

3 main Process involved in Urine formation

What waste is poorly reabsorbed by urine formation?

A

I. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
II. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
III. TUBULAR SECRETION

NITROGENOUS WASTES are poorly reabsorbed, if at all

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24
Q

A Nonselective, passive process in which fluid passes from the blood into the bowman’s capsule

What is the overall role of the glomerulus in this process?

A

Glomerular filtration

Glomerulus acts as a filter

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25
Q

Principle followed by glomerular filtration?

What happens when blood pressure drops?

A

Follows a pressure gradient, wherein the capillaries have high pressure and the bowman’s capsule has lower pressure.

If blood pressure drops, glomerular pressure becomes inadequate and filtrate formation will stop

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26
Q

During glomerular filtration, what do you call the fluid once it is in the capsule?

A

Once in the capsule, the fluid is now called a filtrate – essentially blood plasma without blood proteins

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27
Q

In the tubular reabsorption, The filtrate contains a mixture of?

A

waste & essential substances

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28
Q

Process of urine formation that begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

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29
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

they are “transporters”, taking up needed substances from the filtrate and then passing them out into the extracellular space in which they are absorbed by peritubular capillary blood

Most reabsorption happens in ________ and is done through?

A

tubule cells

Most reabsorption happens in the Proximal convoluted tubule and is done through an active transport process

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30
Q

During tubular reabsorption, what are usually completley reabsorbed?

A

Glucose, Amino Acids, and Salts

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31
Q

Essentially tubular reabsorption in reverse. What substances in this process are secreted out from the peritubular capillaries and into the tubule cells to be eliminated through urine?

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

Some substances such as Hydrogen and Potassium Ions and creatinine, are “secreted” out from the peritubular capillaries and into the tubule cells to be eliminated through the urine

These substances are waste products that remain after glomerular
filtration

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32
Q

These substances are waste products that remain after glomerular filtration

A

Some substances such as Hydrogen and Potassium Ions and creatinine

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33
Q

How does the mechanism of tubular secretion influence blood?

A

This mechanism is also an additional means to control blood pH

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34
Q

Tubule cells have few membrane carriers to reabsorb these substances because we do not need them. What do you call these substances?

Common examples of thse substances include?

A

Nitrogenous waste/ products

o Urea – formed by the liver as an end product of protein
breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy
o Uric Acid – released when nucleic acids are metabolized
o Creatinine – associated with creatinine metabolism in muscle
tissue

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35
Q

Nitrogenous waste product

formed by the liver as an end product of protein
breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy

A

Urea

36
Q

Nitrogenous waste product

released when nucleic acids are metabolized

A

Uric acid

37
Q

Nitrogenous waste product

associated with creatinine metabolism in muscle tissue

A

Creatinine

38
Q

In 24 hours, the kidneys filter about ______ L of blood plasma

In the same 24 hours, only about ______ L of urine are produced

Hence ______ and ______ are DIFFERRENT

A

In 24 hours, the kidneys filter about 150 to 180 L of blood plasma

In the same 24 hours, only about 1.0 to 1.8 L of urine are produced

Hence, filtrate and urine are DIFFERENT

39
Q

contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins) but by the time it reaches the collecting ducts, this has lost most of its water and essential nutrients

If it has lost most of its water and essential nutrients, what remains? What are these “remains” made up of?

A

Filtrate

What remains, urine, is just a combination of nitrogenous wastes and unneeded or excess substances

40
Q

Characteristic of a Freshly voided urine

A

generally clear and pale (straw) to deep
yellow

41
Q

the pigment responsible for the normal yellow color of urine

this pigment results from?

A

Urochrome

pigment results from Hemoglobin destruction

42
Q

Describe urine when its formed? How about once it gets out?

A

When formed, urine is sterile, and its ODOR is aromatic

Once it gets out, it gets contaminated with bacteria and starts developing an ammoniacal odor

43
Q

Urine pH?

What results in a more acidic urine?
What results in a more alkaline pH?

A

Urine pH is slightly acidic (pH 6.0)

  • A meat-based diet would result in a more acidic urine
  • A vegetarian diet would give a more alkaline pH
44
Q

Alkaline urine is an indication of?

A

bacterial infection

45
Q

What solutes are normally found in urine?

What substances are not normally found?

A
  • Solutes normally found in urine – Sodium, Potassium, Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine, Bicarbonate ions
  • Substances not normally found in urine – glucose, blood proteins, RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, bile
46
Q

Abnormal urinary constituents and the name of their condition

A
  1. Glucose - Glycosuria
  2. Proteins - Proteinuria (Albuminuria)
  3. Pus - Pyuria
  4. RBCs - Hematuria
  5. Hemoglobin - Hemoglobinuria
  6. Bile pigment - Bilirubinuria
47
Q

Possible cause of this condition:
- Excessive intake of sugary foods (nonpathological)
- Diabetes mellitus (pathological)

A

Glycosuria

48
Q

Possible cause of this condition:
- Physical exertion, pregnancy (nonpathological)
- Glomerulonephritis, hypertension (pathological)

A

Proteinuria

49
Q

Possible cause of this condition: Urinary tract infection

A

Pyuria

50
Q

Possible cause of this condition: Bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)

A

Hematuria

51
Q

Possible cause of this condition: Transfussion reactions, hemolytic anemia

A

Hemoglobinuria

52
Q

Possible cause of this condition: Liver disease (hepatitis)

A

Bilirubinuria

53
Q

Slender tubes which connect the kidney to the bladder. Its superior end is continuous with the renal pelvis

A

Ureters

54
Q

Smooth muscle layers in the walls of the ureter propels urine by?

through what action/movement mechanism

A

peristalsis

55
Q

Urine is prevented from going back by?

A

small valve-like folds of bladder mucosa

56
Q

Smooth collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily

A

Urinary Bladder

57
Q

The urinary bladder mucosa is made up of ________ (type of tissue). The bladder wall also contains three layers of smooth muscle – collectively the __________

A

The urinary bladder mucosa is made up of transitional epithelium. The bladder wall also contains three layers of smooth muscle –
collectively the detrusor muscle

58
Q

A moderately filled bladder holds about ____ mL of urine but it is capable of holding more than _______

A

A moderately filled bladder holds about 500 mL of urine but it is capable of holding more than twice the amount

59
Q

A thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body

A

Urethra

60
Q

an involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed

A

Internal urethra sphincter

61
Q

voluntary sphincter, allows controlled urination

A

External Urethral Sphincter

62
Q

Length of urethra in men vs women:

A

In men, the urethra is longer – about 20 cm or 8 inches

In women, the urethra is about 3 to 4 cm (1.5 inches) long

63
Q

The urethra opens at the __________, after traveling down its length (male)

The external orifice of the urethra lies _______ (women)

A

The urethra opens at the tip of the penis after traveling down its length

The external orifice of the urethra lies anterior to the vaginal opening

64
Q

Function of urethra in males and females?

A

Urethra of the male has 2 functions: carry both urine and sperm; but never at the same time

In women, it only has 1 function: carry urine out of the body

65
Q

If body is to remain properly hydrated, __________ (physiology of maintaining water and electrolye balance)

A

it cannot lose more water than it takes in

66
Q

Where do most water intake come from? How about the small amount?

A

Most water intake comes from fluids and foods we ingest in our diet

However, small amount is produced during cellular metabolism

67
Q

the driving force for water intake

A

THIRST MECHANISM

68
Q

An increase in plasma solute content of 2 to 3% excites highly sensitive cells in the hypothalamus known as ________

these will in turn activate the ________

A

osmoreceptors

These osmoreceptors will in turn activate the hypothalamic thirst center

69
Q

What organ regulates the amount of water going in and out, depending on the body’s state of hydration?

A

Kidney

70
Q

Major regulators of the amount of water that go in and out of the body

A

Major regulators are Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and
Aldosterone

71
Q

Imbalance

Abnormally low urinary output
* Between 100 and 400 mL/day

What happens when it becomes <100mL/day

A

OLIGURIA

Anuria if it becomes < 100mL/day

72
Q

What does a low urinary output indicate?

In what imbalance is this found?

A

Low urinary output indicates that the glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration

Oliguria

73
Q

Imbalance that may result from transfusion reactions and acute inflammation or from injuries to the kidney

A

Anuria

74
Q

What imbalance?

When urine becomes extremely concentrated, solutes such as uric acid salts form crystals that precipitate in the renal pelvis

this is more commonly known as?

A

RENAL CALCULI

Kidney stones

75
Q

What imbalance?

Excruciating pain radiates from the area as the sharp calculi is being forced to move out

A

RENAL CALCULI

76
Q

Causes and treatment for Renal Calculi

A

Causes: frequent bacterial infection, urinary retention, alkaline urine

Treatment: Surgery, non-invasive lithotripsy uses soundwaves to shatter calculi

77
Q

What imbalance?

Improper toileting habits (wiping from back to front) can carry fecal bacteria into the urethra

A

URETHRITIS

78
Q

In Urethritis, Since the urethra is continuous with the rest of the urinary tract organs, it can easily ascend the tract and cause ___________ or even ____________

these 2 are generally termed as

A

bladder inflammation (cystitis) or even kidney inflammation (pyelonephritis)

These inflammation and infection is generally termed as a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

79
Q

Symptoms of Urethritis

A

Symptoms include dysuria (painful urination), urinary agency and frequency, fever, cloudy or blood-tinged urine

80
Q

When kidneys are involved, what are the common symptoms observed?

A

When kidneys are involved, back pain & a severe headache are common

81
Q

What imbalance?

When ADH is not released, huge amounts of very dilute urine (up to 25 liters/day) flush from the body day after day

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

82
Q

Diabetes Insipidus is caused by many things, mainly revolve around an injury or destruction of the ______ or the ____

A

injury or destruction of the hypothalamus or the posterior pituitary gland

83
Q

What imbalance?

Can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
* Affected individuals are always thirsty and must drink fluids almost continuously to maintain normal fluid balance

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

84
Q

Inflammation of the glomerulus

A

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

85
Q

What imbalance?

Childhood streptococcal infections, such as strep throat and scarlet fever may cause inflammatory damage to the kidneys if
the original infections are not treated promptly and properly

A

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

86
Q

In glomerulonephritis, the glomerulus is inflamed as a result of being clogged with
________ resulting from the strep infection

A

The glomerulus is inflamed as a result of being clogged with antigen- antibody complexes resulting from the strep infection

MT 13 LAB (5 decks)

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