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MT 13 LAB > F_Chapter 11: BLOOD > Flashcards

F_Chapter 11: BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of blood

A

both solid and liquid components (but appears homogenous)

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2
Q

ONLY fluid tissue in the body; complex, atypical connective tissue

A

Blood

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3
Q

Components of Blood

A
  1. Formed elements (blood cells) are suspended in
  2. Plasma (ground
    substance)
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4
Q

These 2 are absent in blood and instead it has ________________ which become visible during blood clotting

A

Collagen & elastin fibers

Instead, SOLUBLE PROTEINS become visible as fibrin strands
during blood clotting

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5
Q

If a sample of blood is centrifuged, which rise and which fall

A

plasma rises to the top
and

the formed elements fall to the bottom

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6
Q

Bottom portion of centrifuged blood is mostly

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

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7
Q

thin, whitish layer at the junction between the
erythrocytes and the plasma

A

Buffy coat

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8
Q

Buffy coat contains–

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells) & Platelets

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9
Q

Erythrocytes account for about 45% of the total volume of a blood
sample, a percentage known as

A

hematocrit (“Blood Fraction”)

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10
Q

White blood cells and platelets contribute less than ___%, and the
remaining ____% is plasma

A

White blood cells and platelets contribute less than 1%, and the
remaining 55% is plasma

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11
Q

90% of plasma volume; solvent for carrying substances; absorbs heat

A

water

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12
Q

function of salts in plasma

A

Osmotic balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability

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13
Q

Function of plasma protein (albumin)

A

osmotic balance, pH buffering

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14
Q

Function of Plasma protein (fibrinogen & globulins

A

Fibrinogen - clotting of blood

Globulin - Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport

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15
Q

Substances transported by blood

A
  • Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
  • Waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid)
  • Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
  • Hormones (steroids and thyroid hormone are carried by plasma proteins)
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16
Q

Constituents of Plasma (how many percent is plasma)

A

55%

  • Salts
  • Plasma proteins
  • Substances transported by blood
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17
Q

Formed elements (how many percent)

A

45%

Erythrocytes (4-6 M)

Leukocytes (4,800-10,800 WBCs/mm3 blood)

Platelets (250,000-400,000)

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18
Q

Color of blood depends on

What color if oxygen rich and poor?

A

the amount of oxygen it has

Scarlet (oxygen-rich) and Dull Red or Purple (oxygen-poor)

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19
Q

pH, temp, volume, percent accounted of body weight of blood?

A

Slightly alkaline with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45

Its temperature is about 38°C or 100.4°F

Volume is normally around 5 to 6 liters in healthy adults

Accounts for 8% of body weight

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19
Q

liquid portion of blood; what is its color?

A

plasma; Straw-colored fluid

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20
Q

most abundant solutes in plasma, which
is mostly produced by the liver

A

Plasma Proteins

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21
Q

acts as a carrier to transport a molecule in the circulation and is also an important bloodbuffer, and contributes to the
osmotic pressure of blood

A

Albumin

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22
Q

plasma proteins that prevent blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

clotting proteins

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23
Q

protect the body from pathogens

A

antibodies

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24
Q

Anucleate and contain very few organelles; transport oxygen

A

ERYTHROCYTES
* Also known as Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

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25
Q

Mature RBCs are literally “bags” of ____

A

hemoglobin molecules

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26
Q

an iron-bearing protein, transports most of
the oxygen that is carried in the blood

A

Hemoglobin (Hb)

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27
Q

Erythrocytes Lack mitochondria so they rely on__

A

external sources for energy

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28
Q

RBC to WBC ratio is about ______ – a major factor in ___________

A

RBC to WBC ratio is about 1000:1 – major factor in blood viscosity

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29
Q

As the number of RBC increases = blood viscosity ______

A

increases

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30
Q

Although the number of RBCs are important, it is the amount of ______ inside that really determines how well the erythrocyte are performing their role of oxygen transport

A

hemoglobin

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31
Q

1 RBC contains about _______ hemoglobin molecules, so each can
carry 1 billion molecules of oxygen

A

250 million hemoglobin

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32
Q

1 hemoglobin molecules carries how many oxygen molecules

A

4

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33
Q

Reference value for RBCs (M and F)

A

13-18 g/ml [Male];
12-16 g/mL [Female]

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34
Q

Form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and tumor cells

A

LEUKOCYTES

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35
Q

Leukocytes can slip into and out of the blood vessels –this is called

A

diapedesis

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36
Q

The_______ is just their means of transportation to areas of the body where their services are needed

A

The circulatory system is just their means of transportation to
areas of the body where their services are needed

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37
Q

process wherein a WBC can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain
chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells

A

Positive Chemotaxis

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38
Q

Leukocytes’ movement through tissue spaces is by _______ motion

A

amoeboid

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39
Q

term used when a total WBC count is above
11,000 cells/mm3; sign of bacterial infection

A

Leukocytosis

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40
Q

refers to low WBC count; caused by
drugs such as anticancer drugs and corticosteroids

A

Leukopenia

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41
Q

2 major classifications of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

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42
Q

These are Granule-containing WBCs , named for the granules visible in their
cytoplasm when stained with __________

A

Granulocytes; Wright’s Stain

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43
Q

typically consist of several rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material

A

Lobed nuclei

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44
Q

Most abundant WBCs; Cytoplasm stains ____

A

Neutrophils

Most abundant WBCs; Cytoplasm stains pink

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45
Q

Multilobed nucleus and very fine granules (type of granulocyte)

A

Neutrophils

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46
Q

(type of granulocyte)

Avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection; usually first responders

Usually targets bacteria and fungi

A

Neutrophils

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47
Q

Action to kill invading pathogens: (+ in what granulocyte?)

A

Respiratory Burst; Neutrophil

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48
Q

2 types of neutrophil (physically)

A

Band and Segmented

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49
Q

(type of granulocyte) Have a blue-red nucleus and brick-red cytoplasmic granules

A

Eosinophil

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50
Q

Their number increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms ingested in food such as raw fish or through skin entry

Also increase in allergic reactions

A

Eosinophil

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51
Q

Rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules
* Stain ________

A

Basophils
* Stain dark blue to purple

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52
Q

potent inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflamed site (in basophils)

A

Histamine

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53
Q

increase during allergic reactions; and even increase in cancers

A

Basophils

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54
Q

leukocytes that Lack visible cytoplasmic granules when stained

shape of its nuclei?

A

AGRANULOCYTES

Nuclei is spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped

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55
Q

types of granulocytes

A

a. neutrophil
b. basophil
c. eosinophil

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56
Q

Large, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume

A

lymphocyte

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57
Q

types of agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
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58
Q

type of agranulocyte Only slightly larger than RBCs

A

Lymphocytes

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59
Q

Lymphocytes Tend to take up residence in ________ – such as_______

A

lymphatic tissues such as tonsils

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60
Q

Largest WBC
* Distinct U- or Kidney-shaped nucleus

A

MONOCYTES

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61
Q

When monocytes migrate into tissues, they change into ________

A

Macrophages

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62
Q
A
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63
Q

are important in fighting chronic infections such as tuberculosis, and in activating lymphocytes

A

Macrophages

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64
Q

From most abundant WBC to least abundant,

A

N-L-M-E-B

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65
Q

T or F. Platelets are not cells

A

T

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66
Q

Platelets are fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells known as
-_______

A

Megakaryocytes

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67
Q

platelets appear as _________, irregularly shaped bodies scattered among the other blood cell

A

darkly staining

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68
Q

Needed for the clotting process that stops blood loss from blood vessels

A

Platelets

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69
Q

Salmon-colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected

A

Erythrocytes

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70
Q

Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide

A

Erythrocytes

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71
Q

Occurrence in blood (cells/mm³)

Erythrocyte -
Leukocytes -
Neutrophils -
Eosinophils -
Basophil -

Lymphocytes -
Monocytes -

Platelets -

A

Erythrocyte - 4-6 million
Leukocytes - 4800-10800
Neutrophils - 3000-7000 (40-70%)
Eosinophils - 100-400 (1-4%)
Basophil - 20-50 (0-1%)
Lymphocytes - 1500-3000 (20-45%)
Monocytes - 100-700 (4-8%)
Platelets - 150000-400000

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72
Q

Occurs in the bone marrow, or myeloid tissue; blood cell formation

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

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73
Q

Myeloid tissue is found in

A

In adults, this tissue is found chiefly in the axial skeleton, pectoral and
pelvic girdles, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur

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74
Q

All the formed elements rise from a common stem cell called

A

Hemocytoblast (“blood cell former”)

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75
Q

Hemocytoblast forms two types of descendants:

A
  • Lymphoid stem cell (form into lymphocyte)
  • Myeloid stem cell (which produce all other classes)
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76
Q

Lost blood cells are replaced continuously by

A

hemocytoblast

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77
Q

Formation of RBC I

  1. Lost blood cells are replaced continuously by ______________
  2. The developing RBCs divide many times and begin the division of synthesizing __________
  3. When enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the ___________ are ejected, and the cell collapses inward
  4. The result of this process is the young RBC known as a ________
  5. Reticulocytes still contain some _______________
  6. The reticulocytes enter the ________ to begin transporting ________
  7. Within ____ days of release, they have ejected the remaining ER and
    have become ____________________
A
  1. Lost blood cells are replaced continuously by hemocytoblast
  2. The developing RBCs divide many times and begin the division of synthesizing hemoglobin
  3. When enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus
    and most organelles are ejected, and the cell collapses inward
  4. The result of this process is the young RBC known as a reticulocyte
  5. Reticulocytes still contain some rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  6. The reticulocytes enter the bloodstream to begin transporting oxygen
  7. Within 2 days of release, they have ejected the remaining ER and
    have become fully functioning erythrocytes
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78
Q

Formation of RBC 2

  1. The entire developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC
    takes ______ days
  2. _____________ controls the rate of erythrocyte production
  3. The______ play the major role in producing erythropoietin
  4. _____ produces a few only
  5. When ___________begins to decline, the kidneys release
    erythropoietin
  6. This is the reason why people with advanced kidney disease become anemic?
A
  1. The entire developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC
    takes 3-5 days
  2. Erythropoietin (EPO) controls the rate of erythrocyte production
  3. The Kidneys play the major role in producing erythropoietin
  4. Liver produces a few only
  5. When blood level of oxygen begins to decline, the kidneys release
    erythropoietin
  6. This is the reason why people with advanced kidney disease become anemic?
    (blood level of oxygen begins to decline, the kidneys release
    erythropoietin)
79
Q

Low blood O2 carrying ability is due to (3)?

A
  • decreased RBC count
  • Decreased amount of hemoglobin
  • Decreased availability of O2
80
Q

RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 1

Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to

A

synthesize proteins, grow or divide

81
Q

RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 2

As they age, RBCs become rigid and begin to fall apart in ____ days

A

120 days

82
Q

RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 3

Remains of RBC destruction are eliminated by

A

phagocytes in the spleen and liver

83
Q

RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 4

T or F. Some RBC components are salvaged for later use and recycle

A

T

84
Q

RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 5

Iron is bound to protein as _______ when the RBC is broken down

A

ferritin

85
Q

RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 6

Heme group is degraded to__________, which is then secreted into the
intestine by the ________

A

bilirubin

liver cells

86
Q

RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 7

The bilirubin then becomes a brown pigment known as _______
that leaves the body in feces

A

stercobilin

87
Q

RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 8

_______ is broken down to amino acids, which are released into the
circulation to use again later

A

Globin

88
Q

FORMATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
AND PLATELETS

  1. Formation of leukocytes and platelets is stimulated by ________
  2. _______________ and __________stimulate bone marrow to produce leukocytes
  3. Furthermore, CSF and interleukin enhance the ability of mature
    _________to protect the body
  4. ____________, a hormone produced by the liver, accelerates the production of platelets from __________
A

FORMATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
AND PLATELETS

  1. Formation of leukocytes and platelets is stimulated by HORMONES
  2. Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) and Interleukins stimulate bone marrow to produce leukocytes
  3. Furthermore, CSF and interleukin enhance the ability of mature
    leukocytes to protect the body
  4. Thrombopoietin, a hormone produced by the liver, accelerates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes
89
Q

When a blood vessel wall breaks, a series of reactions start called?

A

hemostasis

90
Q

describe hemostasis in terms of speed and area affected

A

This process is fast and localized

91
Q

Involves many substances present in plasma, and some released by
platelets and injured tissue cells

A

HEMOSTASIS

92
Q

PHASES OF HEMOSTASIS

A
  1. VASCULAR SPASMS OCCUR
  2. PLATELET PLUG FORMS
  3. COAGULATION EVENTS OCCUR
93
Q

Blood loss at the site is prevented when _________ grows into the
clot and seals the hole in the blood vessel

A

fibrous tissue

94
Q

The immediate response to blood vessel injury is________

A

vasoconstriction (VASCULAR SPASMS OCCUR)

95
Q

these narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss until clotting
can occur

A

VASCULAR SPASMS

96
Q

Other factors causing vessel spasms:

A

(1) Direct injury to the smooth muscle cells
(2) Stimulation of local pain receptors
(3) Release of Serotonin by anchored platelets

97
Q

In Platelet plug formation, Platelets are repelled by an________________

A

intact endothelium

98
Q

When the underlying collagen fibers of a broken vessel are exposed,
the platelets become ______ and ______

A

“sticky” and cling to the damaged site

99
Q

During Platelet Plug formation

Anchored platelets release chemicals that enhance the _________ and attract more _________

As more and more platelets pile up, a _______forms

A

vascular spasms

platelets to the site

platelet plug

100
Q

Coagulation events occur

the injured tissues release __________

A

tissue factor (TF)

101
Q

During coagulation event; After TF is released; TF interacts with ___________, a phospholipid that coats the
surfaces of the platelets

A

PF3 (Platelet Factor 3)

102
Q

Combination of TF and PF3 interacts with other clotting factors and _________ which are essential for many steps in the clotting process, to form___________ → that leads to the formation of ________

A

calcium ions (Ca2+)

form an activator

Thrombin

103
Q

an enzyme, that joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long, hairlike molecules of _________

A

Thrombin,

insoluble fibrin

104
Q

forms a meshwork that traps RBCs & forms the basis of the clot

A

Fibrin

105
Q

Within the hour, the clot begins to retract, squeezing ______ from the
mass and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.

A

serum

106
Q

Normally, blood clots within ______minutes

A

3 to 6 minutes

107
Q

As a rule, once the clotting cascade has started, the triggering factors are
rapidly _________ to prevent _______

A

inactivated; widespread clotting

108
Q

Eventually during blood clot the endothelium _______, and the clot is _______

A

Eventually, the endothelium regenerates, and the clot is broken down

109
Q

Applying_______ over a cut or applying ________to a wound would speed up the clotting process

A

Applying sterile gauze over a cut or applying pressure to a wound

110
Q

Gauze during a blood clot provides a ___________

A

rough surface to which the platelets can adhere

111
Q

Pressure applied in blood clot results in ______________________

A

results in fracturing the cells, increasing the release of tissue
factor locally

112
Q

Loss of ___________ percent of blood lead to pallor and weakness

A

15 to 30

113
Q

Loss of over ___percent causes severe shock – which can be fatal

A

30

114
Q

______________ are routinely given to replace substantial
blood loss and to treat severe anemia or thrombocytopenia

A

Wholeblood transfusions

115
Q

A ___________ collects blood from a donor and mixes anticoagulants
with it to prevent clotting

A

blood bank

116
Q

The treated blood can be stored until needed for about ____ days; Refrigerated at _________

A

35 to 42 days

4°C or 39.2F

117
Q

T or F. Transfusing incompatible or mismatched blood can be fatal

A

T

118
Q

The plasma membranes of RBCs bear _______________

A

genetically determined
proteins (antigens)

119
Q

a substance that the body recognizes as foreign – it stimulates the immune system to mount a defense against it

A

Antigen

120
Q

Most antigens are ___________ – e.g., partof viruses & bacteria

A

foreign proteins

121
Q

T or F. Although each of us tolerates our own cellular antigens, one
person’s RBC proteins will be recognized as foreign if transfused to
another person with a different RBC antigen

A

T

122
Q

The recognizers are __________present in the plasma that attach
to RBCs bearing surface antigens different from those on the
patient’s (recipient’s) RBCs

A

Antibodies

123
Q

the Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump - called?

A

Agglutination

124
Q

Agglutination leads to __________________

A

clogging of small blood vessels

125
Q

Most devastating consequence of severe transfusion reaction is
that freed hemoglobin molecules may_________ – causing
kidney failure and death

A

block the kidney tubules

126
Q

To prevent kidney damage, fluids are infused to ______ and ______ the hemoglobin and diuretics to_________ through urine

A

To prevent kidney damage, fluids are infused to dilute and dissolve the hemoglobin and diuretics to flush it out through urine

127
Q

There are over ____ common RBC antigens in humans, so each
person’s blood cells can be classified into several different blood groups

A

30

128
Q

we focus on the ABO and Rh blood groups – since they

A

give the most vigorous transfusion reactions

129
Q

ABO blood groups are Based on which of two antigens – _______ and absence of bot h results in

A

type A or Type B, are inherited

type O blood

130
Q

Presence of both type A and B lead to type

A

Presence of both antigens lead to type AB

131
Q

In the ABO blood group, antibodies form during infancy against the
ABO antigens that are ______________

A

In the ABO blood group, antibodies form during infancy against the
ABO antigens that are NOT present on your own RBCs

132
Q

Rh blood group is Named as Rh because one of eight Rh antigens ____________ was originally identified in ____________

A

(agglutinogen D

Rhesus Monkeys

133
Q

A person is Rh-Positive when their RBCs carry ________

A

Rh antigen

134
Q

Unlike the antibodies of the ABO systems, anti-Rh antibodies are
not automatically _____________________

However, if an Rh-Negative person receives Rh-Positive blood, shortly
after the transfusion, their immune system becomes _______ and
begins ______________________

A

formed when a person is Rh-Negative

sensitized

producing anti-Rh antibodies against the foreign antigen

135
Q

Must determine ________ BEFORE a major transfusion

A

blood type

136
Q

Always remember: ANTIBODIES AGAINST A PERSON’S
OWN BLOOD TYPE WILL ___________

A

ANTIBODIES AGAINST A PERSON’S
OWN BLOOD TYPE WILL NOT BE PRODUCED!

137
Q

Blood typing Process involves testing the blood by _____________

A

mixing it with two different types of immune serum – Anti-A & Anti-B

138
Q

occurs when RBCs of a type A person are mixed with the Anti-A serum but not when they are mixed with the Anti-B serum

A

Agglutination

139
Q

To double check blood compatibility, __________ is also done

A

crossmatching

140
Q

Typing for _________ is done in the same manner as ABO blood typing

A

Rh Factors

141
Q

Involves testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s
serum and of the recipient’s RBCs by the donor serum

A

CROSSMATCHING

142
Q

Major or minor crossmatching?

  • Patients Serum; Donor RBCs
    – Patients RBCs; Donor Serum
A

Major Crossmatching – Patients Serum; Donor RBCs

Minor Crossmatching – Patients RBCs; Donor Serum

143
Q

Type A contains _______; agglutinates with _________

A

contains antigen A

agglutinates with anti-A serum

144
Q

Type B contains _______; agglutinates with _________

A

contains antigen B

agglutinates with anti-B serum

145
Q

Type AB contains _______; agglutinates with _________

A

contains antigens A and B

agglutinates with both sera

146
Q

Type O contains _______; agglutinates with _________

A

contains no antigens
does not agglutinate with any serum

147
Q

decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

A

Anemia

148
Q

Anemia literally means

A

“Lacking blood”

149
Q

Anemia may be May be the result of:

A

o (1) A lower-than-normal number of RBCs

o (2) Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content

150
Q

Types of Anemia with direct cause of Decrease in RBC #

A
  1. Hemorrhagic anemia
  2. Hemolytic (he0mo-lit9ik) anemia
  3. Pernicious (per-nish9us) anemia
  4. Aplastic anemia
151
Q

Type of Anemia with direct cause of Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

152
Q

Type of Anemia with direct cause of Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs

A

Sickle cell anemia

153
Q

Anemia resulting from

  1. Sudden hemorrhage
  2. Lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections
  3. Lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of the vitamin;
    intrinsic factor is formed by stomach mucosa cells)
  4. Depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications
A
  1. Hemorrhagic anemia
  2. Hemolytic (he0mo-lit9ik) anemia
  3. Pernicious (per-nish9us) anemia
  4. Aplastic anemia
154
Q

Anemia resulting from Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding (such as heavy menstrual flow or bleeding ulcer), which
depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

155
Q

Anemia resulting from Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body; or low oxygen levels in general occurs mainly in people of African descent

A

Sickle cell anemia

156
Q

Carry two defective genes that cause sickling; results in

A

Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)

Results in abnormal hemoglobin being formed

157
Q

Hemoglobin becomes Spiky and Sharp (Crescent-Shape)

A

Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)

158
Q

Stimuli for Sickling: (Sickle Cell Anemia)

Consequences of Sickling:

A

Stimuli for Sickling:
(1) Oxygen is unloaded
( 2 ) Oxygen content in the blood decreases below normal

Consequences of Sickling:
(1) RBC rupture easily
(2) Due to its shape, it clogs up small blood vessels (esp. capillaries)

159
Q

May cause hypoxia and cause extreme pain

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

160
Q

CONSEQUENCE OF GENETIC DEFECT of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

(1) Affects the DNA Transcription & Translation Processes

(2) A SINGLE Amino Acid is changed from the Amino Acid chain

(3) 6th Amino Acid, Glutamic Acid → Valine

161
Q

Sickle Cell anemia DEMOGRAPHIC

A
  • Common in the Black Population who live in the malaria belt of Africa
  • In the Philippines: Palawan (Puerto Princesa)
162
Q

RELATIONSHIP OF MALARIA AND SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
(1) For people with SCA, they are ________ to Malaria Infection

(2) The gene responsible for sickling causes the malaria-causing
parasite ___________ to stick to _________

(3) Due to it sticking, it loses _________ – essential in its survival

A

RELATIONSHIP OF MALARIA AND SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

(1) For people with SCA, they are immune to Malaria Infection

(2) The gene responsible for sickling causes the malaria-causing parasite (Plasmodium spp.) to stick to capillary walls

(3) Due to it sticking, it loses potassium – essential in its survival

163
Q

SICKLE CELL TRAIT (SCT)
* Those carrying only ________
* SCT generally do not _______
* However, they can _________ to their offspring

A

SICKLE CELL TRAIT (SCT)
* Those carrying only 1 sickling gene

  • SCT generally do not display symptoms
  • However, they can pass on the sickling gene to their offspring
164
Q

Normal erythrocyte has normal hemoglobin amino acid sequence in the beta chain while sickled erythrocyte results from a ______ in the beta chain of hemoglobin

A

single amino acid change

165
Q

An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes

A

POLYCYTHEMIA

166
Q

Common Causes of Polycythemia

A

(1) Bone marrow cancer –Polycythemia vera

(2) Normal physiologic response to living at HIGH ALTITUDES
- Air is thinner
- Less oxygen is available
- AKA Secondary Polycythemia

167
Q

Excessive production of white blood cells: Literally means “White Blood”

A

LEUKEMIA

168
Q

Bone marrow becomes cancerous → Increased WBC Production

A

LEUKEMIA

169
Q

In Leukemia, the newborn “WBCs” formed are __________ and incapable of carrying out their normal protective functions

A

immature (Blasts)

170
Q

During leukemia, Since other blood cell lines are crowded out, ________ and __________result

A

severe anemia and
bleeding problems

171
Q

UNDESIRABLE Clotting May be caused by anything that roughens the ________ of a
blood vessel and encourages clinging of _____

A

endothelium

platelets

172
Q

Common Causes of UNDESIRABLE Clotting :

A

Severe burns,
physical blows,
accumulation of fatty material

173
Q

Slowly flowing blood, or blood pooling, is another risk factor of this –
especially in immobilized patients

A

UNDESIRABLE clotting

174
Q

In cases of _________, the clotting factors are not washed away as
usual and accumulate so that clot formation becomes possible. (UNDESIRABLE clotting)

A

blood pooling

175
Q

Treatment for Clotting

A

Treatment: Anticoagulants (e.g., Aspirin, Heparin, Warfarin)

176
Q

2 types of clotting

A

Thrombus
Embolus

177
Q

clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

A

THROMBUS

178
Q

If the thrombus is large enough, it may prevent __________

Example, a pulmonary thrombosis leads to the death of lung tissue and
fatal hypoxia

A

blood from flowing to cells beyond the blockage

179
Q

Results when a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and
floats freely in the bloodstream

A

EMBOLUS

180
Q

Usually, no problem unless or until it lodges in a vessel too narrow for it
to pass through

A

EMBOLUS

181
Q

example of thrombus and embolus

A

Example, a pulmonary thrombosis leads to the death of lung tissue and
fatal hypoxia

For example, a cerebral embolus may cause a stroke, in which brain
tissue dies

182
Q

Common causes of bleeding disorders

A

(1) Platelet deficiency
(2) Deficiency of some of the clotting factors

183
Q

When the ______ is unable to synthesize its usual supply of clotting
factors – abnormal and often severe bleeding occurs

A

liver

184
Q

_________ is needed by liver cells to produce Clotting Factors.

A

Vitamin K

185
Q

When liver function is severely impaired (e.g hepatitis) only
________ are helpful

A

whole blood transfusions

186
Q

Results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets

A

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

187
Q

Thrombocytopenia Can arise from any condition that suppresses the

A

bone marrow
such as
- bone marrow cancer,
- radiation, or
- certain drugs

188
Q

In this disorder, even normal movements cause spontaneous
bleeding from small blood vessels

A

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

189
Q

Thrombocytopenia is evidenced by many small purplish blotches known as _________ (resembles a rash)

A

petechiae

190
Q

Applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of certain clotting factors

A

HEMOPHILIA

191
Q

Even minor tissue trauma results in prolonged bleeding; life threatening

A

HEMOPHILIA

192
Q

In hemophilia, Repeated bleeding into joints causes them to become _______

A

disabled

193
Q

To help with the symptoms of hemophilia: hemophiliacs are given a transfusion of ________ or injections of the __________ they lack

A

fresh plasma

purified clotting factor

194
Q

Since Hemophiliac patients rely heavily on transfusion, they are prone to___________

A

Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs)

MT 13 LAB (5 decks)

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